Difference between revisions of "Automated Driving Roles"

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This page provides a glossary of terms related to roles -- of humans and entities in [[Driving Automation Definitions|automated driving systems.]]
  
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== Semantic Map ==
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You can also view an [https://newlypossible.org/pages/adroles/ interactive semantic map of these terms].
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== Cross-Cutting Concepts ==
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=== Driver ===
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'''[https://ssrn.com/abstract=2303904 Driver]''' is not a universal unitary role. The [https://unece.org/texts-and-status-0 UN road-traffic conventions] begin with a human who drives, while article 34 bis of the 1968 Convention treats the driver requirement as satisfied during compliant automated driving system (ADS) operation without declaring the ADS to be a driver. SAE J3016 distinguishes in-vehicle and remote drivers from fallback-ready users. Germany retains ''Fahrzeugführer'', France permits delegated driving subject to conditions, Canada’s ACMV pilot allocates driver duties within its supervised stream, and Switzerland’s motorway-pilot regime preserves a driver ready to resume control. [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/section-571.3 US FMVSS] generally defines driver by reference to a human occupant, but [https://www.nhtsa.gov/interpretations/google-compiled-response-12-nov-15-interp-request-4-feb-16-final NHTSA’s fact-specific 2016 Google interpretation] treated the Self-Driving System as the driver for the described vehicle design. Each framework-specific use remains a separate table entry.
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=== Operator ===
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'''[https://ssrn.com/abstract=2303904 Operator]''' may denote a human exercising control, an organization responsible for a service or fleet, a permit holder, or a legal attribution to the ADS. [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=38750 California] regulates the person operating or causing an autonomous vehicle to operate and separately licenses manufacturers and permit holders. France distinguishes the STRA operator from the transport-service organizer and remote-intervention personnel. Switzerland, Nevada, Canada, Croatia, the European Union, and Singapore assign different operational functions. [https://www.leg.state.fl.us/STATUTES/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0316/Sections/0316.85.html Florida] and [https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/docs/tn/pdf/tn.545.pdf Texas] expressly treat the engaged ADS as the operator for limited traffic-law purposes while preserving responsibility elsewhere. The table therefore avoids a single master definition.
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=== User ===
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'''User''' is an umbrella term for a variety of human relationships to an ADS rather than one distinct operational role. SAE J3016 treats driver, passenger, fallback-ready user, driverless operation dispatcher, and ADS assistant as mutually exclusive user-role categories at a given time. The [https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 UN ADS framework] uses ADS user as a human-only umbrella covering occupant, driver, fallback user, and passenger. The specific roles remain in the table; User itself does not.
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=== Remote facilitator ===
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'''[https://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2022/05/remote-driving/ Remote facilitator]''' is used here as an umbrella term for a human who supports or affects vehicle operation from outside the vehicle, whether by driving, fallback, intervention, assistance, monitoring, supervision, or dispatch. A Remote Driver performs at least part of the dynamic driving task; a Remote ADS Assistant or framework-specific Remote Assistant supplies information or advice performing the dynamic driving task ([https://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2025/05/comparing-robotaxis-baidus-apollo-and-alphabets-waymo/#:~:text=Level%20Classification at least ostensibly]); a Remote Monitor observes; a Remote Fallback-Ready User performs fallback; and a Remote Intervention Operator supplies commands within a defined intervention function. Frameworks draw these boundaries differently.
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=== Safety driver and safety operator ===
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'''Safety driver''' and '''safety operator''' are testing or authorization roles. A safety driver normally occupies a driving position and can take over the dynamic driving task; a safety operator may monitor or intervene from another position or remotely, depending on the instrument. [https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/RTA1961-S464-2017 Singapore’s current rules] distinguish a qualified safety driver from a safety operator and allow authorization-specific conditions. [https://www.miit.gov.cn/jgsj/zbys/wjfb/art/2023/art_4a67648dc58e483bab554f97045a8579.html China] uses 安全员 in national and local pilot rules, while California uses autonomous-vehicle test driver and remote driver terminology. The table preserves those jurisdictional choices rather than normalizing them into one label.
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=== Owner, keeper, and registered operator ===
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'''Owner, keeper, and registered operator''' describe roles for which property, registration, and operational responsibility do not necessarily coincide. [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvg/ Germany’s] ''Halter'' is the person who keeps the vehicle for their own account and controls its use; Australia’s registered operator is a registration-law status; Croatia assigns specified duties to the owner of a fully automated vehicle; [https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/docs/tn/pdf/tn.545.pdf Texas] places traffic-law responsibility on the owner while deeming the ADS the operator; and other frameworks allocate duties to permit holders, fleet operators, or service operators. These entries should be compared functionally, not treated as translations.
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=== Permit holder, participant, and responsible person ===
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'''Permit holder, participant, and responsible person''' are roles to which trial and deployment regimes frequently attach duties instead of assigning those duties to a generic operator. [https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/ California] has separate testing-with-driver, driverless-testing, and deployment permit holders; Canada uses an ACMV-pilot participant; [https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/taoav/index.html Hong Kong] uses pilot proprietor; Sweden uses trial permit holder and a person deemed the driver; the UK uses ASDE and APS permit structures; [[Chinese Automated Driving Standards|China]] uses manufacturer/use-subject or local pilot-entity arrangements; and Texas provides for commercial authorization. The approval instrument may add conditions that are as important as the general legislation.
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```
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== Table of Framework-Specific Concepts ==
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<!-- Sortable MediaWiki table generated from the Automated Driving Roles glossary. -->
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{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"
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|+ Roles in Automated Driving
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|-
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! Term / Role !! Framework !! Role Type !! Brief Description !! Primary Source(s) and URL(s) !! Similar Terms<br><small>(other frameworks)</small> !! Complementary Terms
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|-
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| data-sort-value="ADS Assistant" | <span id="role-ads-assistant-39bf114e"></span>ADS Assistant
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| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
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| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
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| A user who supplies event-driven information or advice to an ADS that is performing the dynamic driving task so the trip can continue. The assistant does not perform the dynamic driving task or fallback; assistance can include revised tactical goals, interpretation of human traffic control, and communication with first responders.
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| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
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| [[#role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830|Opérateur d'intervention à distance]] [France]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-213055be|Remote Assistant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-6a7f664c|Remote Intervention Operator]] [EU]
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| [[#role-driverless-operation-dispatcher-83cc140c|Driverless Operation Dispatcher]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Approval Authority" | <span id="role-approval-authority-7a850706"></span>Approval Authority
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| data-sort-value="UNECE 1958 Agreement" | UNECE 1958 Agreement
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| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
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| The competent authority that grants, refuses, extends, suspends, or withdraws type approval on behalf of a Contracting Party. It may act directly or through the national arrangements allowed by the type-approval system.
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| <ul><li>[https://unece.org/about-vehicle-regulations UNECE 1958 Agreement] concerning the adoption of harmonized UN vehicle regulations and reciprocal recognition of approvals (binding treaty framework for Contracting Parties)</li></ul>
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| [[#role-first-supply-regulator-68fb88fb|First-Supply Regulator]] [Australia]
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| [[#role-technical-service-8df5b955|Technical Service]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Assessor / Competent Personnel" | <span id="role-assessor-competent-personnel-3c12ddcb"></span>Assessor / Competent Personnel
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| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
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| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
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| Personnel assigned to assess test environments, the safety case, post-deployment safety, and related compliance evidence. The UN ADS text distributes these functions across assessors and ‘competent personnel’ rather than defining one universal office.
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| <ul><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139], ¶¶ 6.2, 6.3.1.1, 6.3.3.1, 6.4 (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN assessment function)</li><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 UN Regulation on ADS]</li></ul>
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| [[#role-organisme-qualifie-agree-oqa-190f5b3d|Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)]] [France]<br>[[#role-technical-service-8df5b955|Technical Service]] [UNECE 1958 Agreement]
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| [[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Authorised Automated Vehicle Incident Inspector" | <span id="role-authorised-automated-vehicle-incident-inspector-41f4c782"></span>Authorised Automated Vehicle Incident Inspector
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| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom
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| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
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| A person authorised to investigate incidents involving authorised automated vehicles. The inspector seeks to identify, understand, and reduce safety failings rather than determine civil or criminal blame, and is distinct from the in-use regulator's enforcement functions.
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| <ul><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024, §§ 60–77 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted investigatory role; commencement varies) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/10/contents UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024]</li><li>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/439/contents/made UK automated-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
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| —
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| [[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]<br>[[#role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043|Licensed NUiC Operator]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)" | <span id="role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0"></span>Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
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| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom
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| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
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| The authorised self-driving entity is the person identified in an authorisation as responsible for the way an authorised automated vehicle behaves when an authorised automation feature is engaged. The framework protects a user-in-charge from offences arising from the manner of driving while the feature is engaged, subject to statutory exceptions, and instead subjects the ASDE to information duties, civil sanctions, and variation, suspension, or withdrawal of authorisation.
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| <ul><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024, c. 10, §§ 1, 6, 8–9, 26–27, 34–37, 47–48 (UK) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted; full authorisation regime not yet commenced) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/10/contents UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024]</li><li>Law Commissions of England and Wales and Scotland, Automated Vehicles: Joint Report (Jan. 2022) (official / technical material) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/439/contents/made UK automated-vehicle regulations]</li><li>CCAV/DfT, Automated Vehicles Act implementation and APS permitting materials (2025–26) (official / technical material)</li></ul>
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| [[#role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8|Automated Driving Provider (ADP)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8|Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)]]<br>[[#role-sao-implementer-363ba981|SAO Implementer]]<br>[[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]<br>[[#role-use-subject-987e4410|Use Subject]]
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| [[#role-authorised-automated-vehicle-incident-inspector-41f4c782|Authorised Automated Vehicle Incident Inspector]]<br>[[#role-automated-passenger-services-aps-permit-holder-c552c8ad|Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043|Licensed NUiC Operator]]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|User-in-Charge (UiC)]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Authorized Entity" | <span id="role-authorized-entity-effc0508"></span>Authorized Entity
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| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
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| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
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| A person or entity authorised to receive data from an ADS vehicle's Data Storage System for Automated Driving (DSSAD). The applicable national framework determines who is authorised and the conditions for access.
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| <ul><li>UN GTR on ADS ¶¶ 4.3.5, 5.1.8.5.4; Annex 6 ¶¶ 3.2, 4.1–4.2 n.2, 4.5.2, 4.6.1, 5.3.2 n.5 ([https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139]) (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN text; identity left to national law)</li><li>Parallel UN ADS Regulation (adopted June 2026; [https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137]; final number pending official publication) (UN Regulation under the 1958 Agreement; binding on Contracting Parties applying it)</li></ul>
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| —
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| [[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant" | <span id="role-automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-participant-9f41564c"></span>Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant
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| data-sort-value="Canada" | Canada
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| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
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| A person or organisation authorised to operate an automated commercial motor vehicle in Ontario's pilot program. The pilot has its own eligibility, operating, reporting, driver or remote-oversight, and insurance requirements.
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| <ul><li>O. Reg. 161/25 (Pilot Project — Automated Commercial Motor Vehicles), Ontario (binding primary authority; status: Temporary pilot, 2025–2035) — [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r25161 Ontario ACMV pilot regulation]</li><li>Ontario MTO, ACMV pilot program conditions and guidance (2025) (official / technical material) — [https://www.ontario.ca/page/automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-program-conditions Ontario ACMV pilot conditions]</li></ul>
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| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df|Autonomous Vehicle Driver]] [South Korea]<br>[[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-driver-380749d1|Driver]] [France]<br>[[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]] [Germany]
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| [[#role-driver-ab4023ad|Driver]]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-213055be|Remote Assistant]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Automated Driving Provider (ADP)" | <span id="role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8"></span>Automated Driving Provider (ADP)
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| data-sort-value="UAOVA (US model state law)" | UAOVA (US model state law)
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| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
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| An automated driving provider is a person that declares to the state that it may be the driver of an associated automated vehicle during automated operation. The declaration is implemented through the registration system: an automated vehicle may be registered only if it is associated with a declared ADP.
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| <ul><li>[https://www.uniformlaws.org/viewdocument/final-act-29?CommunityKey=4e70cf8e-a3f4-4c55-9d27-fb3e2ab241d6&tab=librarydocuments UAOVA] §§ 2, 5–7 (Unif. Law Comm’n 2019) (model legislation; no legal effect in any state unless and until enacted there)</li><li>[https://www.uniformlaws.org/viewdocument/final-act-29?CommunityKey=4e70cf8e-a3f4-4c55-9d27-fb3e2ab241d6&tab=librarydocuments UAOVA] prefatory note and legislative notes (official / technical material)</li><li>Smith, [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3747058 Drafting Memoranda for the UAOVA] (SSRN abstract 3747058, 2019) (secondary / analytical source)</li></ul>
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| [[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8|Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)]]<br>[[#role-operator-ads-attribution-2dc21cad|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Florida]<br>[[#role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-operator-e962c702|Operator]] [Nevada]<br>[[#role-sao-implementer-363ba981|SAO Implementer]]<br>[[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]<br>[[#role-use-subject-987e4410|Use Subject]]
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| —
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)" | <span id="role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8"></span>Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
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| data-sort-value="Australia" | Australia
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| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
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| A corporation that would be certified as responsible for the safe operation of an ADS throughout its on-road design life under Australia's proposed in-service law. The proposed role includes responsibility for the dynamic driving task, a general safety duty, data and reporting obligations, and executive-officer due diligence.
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| <ul><li>Road Vehicle Standards Act 2018 (Cth) (current first-supply framework; not an enacted AVSL) (binding primary authority; status: Proposed policy; not enacted as of 23 July 2026) — [https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure-transport-vehicles/transport-strategy-policy/office-future-transport-technology/automated-vehicles Australian automated-vehicle policy]</li><li>NTC, The Regulatory Framework for Automated Vehicles in Australia (Feb. 2022) (official / technical material) — [https://www.ntc.gov.au/sites/default/files/assets/files/ADSE%20in-service%20obligations%20April%202024.pdf Australian ADSE obligations]</li><li>NTC, Automated Driving System Entity Certification; ADSE In-Service Obligations; Regulator Powers and Functions (Apr. 2024) (official / technical material)</li><li>Department of Infrastructure, AVSL Consultation Paper (22 Apr. 2024) (official / technical material)</li><li>NTC, Automated Vehicle Safety Reforms: Consultation Report (Dec. 2025) (official / technical material)</li></ul>
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| [[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8|Automated Driving Provider (ADP)]]<br>[[#role-sao-implementer-363ba981|SAO Implementer]]<br>[[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]<br>[[#role-use-subject-987e4410|Use Subject]]
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| [[#role-executive-officer-87a1daac|Executive Officer]]<br>[[#role-first-supply-regulator-68fb88fb|First-Supply Regulator]]<br>[[#role-registered-operator-18011995|Registered Operator]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder" | <span id="role-automated-passenger-services-aps-permit-holder-c552c8ad"></span>Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder
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| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom
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| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
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| A person or body granted a permit to provide automated passenger services under the United Kingdom's pilot scheme. The permit can modify specified taxi, private-hire, or bus requirements and does not by itself make its holder an ASDE or licensed NUiC operator.
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| <ul><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024, Part 5, especially §§ 82–89; Automated Vehicles (Permits for Automated Passenger Services) Regulations 2026 (SI 2026/439) (binding primary authority; status: Part 5 of the 2024 Act commenced early, in force 15 May 2026, ahead of the wider authorisation regime) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/10/contents UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024]</li><li>DfT/DVSA, Self-driving vehicle pilot scheme: information for applicants (2026) (official / technical material) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/439/contents/made UK automated-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
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| [[#role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b|Deployment Permit Holder]] [California]<br>[[#role-driverless-testing-permit-holder-bf1f293d|Driverless Testing Permit Holder]] [California]<br>[[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-testing-permit-holder-driver-present-2fda75ef|Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present]] [California]<br>[[#role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394|Trial Permit Holder]] [Sweden]
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| [[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]<br>[[#role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043|Licensed NUiC Operator]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium)" | <span id="role-automobile-manufacturer-pilot-consortium-93a764f5"></span>Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium)
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| data-sort-value="China (national)" | China (national)
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| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
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| The vehicle-manufacturer member of a national ICV pilot consortium. It applies jointly with the Use Subject and must establish product safety assurance, safety monitoring, risk and emergency-management, cybersecurity, data-security, and response capabilities for the selected ICV products throughout the pilot stages.
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| <ul><li>Four-ministry [https://www.miit.gov.cn/jgsj/zbys/wjfb/art/2023/art_4a67648dc58e483bab554f97045a8579.html Notice on ICV Access and On-Road Pilot Work] and annexed Implementation Guide (Trial), 17 Nov. 2023 (official national pilot instrument)</li><li>[https://newlypossible.org/wiki/Chinese_Automated_Driving_Standards Chinese automated-driving standards map]</li></ul>
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| [[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356|Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology]] [California]
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| [[#role-use-subject-987e4410|Use Subject]]
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Autonomous Vehicle Driver" | <span id="role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df"></span>Autonomous Vehicle Driver<br><small>Korean: 자율주행자동차 운전자</small>
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| data-sort-value="South Korea" | South Korea
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| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
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| The human driver of an autonomous vehicle. When a driver-supervised automated system requests takeover or direct driving is otherwise required, the driver must respond promptly and operate the steering, braking, and other controls; education requirements also apply.
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| <ul><li>도로교통법 (Road Traffic Act, Republic of Korea), ch. 4-2, arts. 56-2 and 56-3 (inserted 19 Mar. 2024; in force 20 Sept. 2024; art. 56-3 education from 20 Mar. 2025), current consolidated text (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) 도로교통법 시행규칙 art. 38-2 (autonomous-vehicle safety education) — not to be confused with 시행령 art. 38-2 (emergency-vehicle education) (binding primary authority) Korea Road Traffic Authority, 자율주행자동차 안전교육 guidance (official / technical material) — [https://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%EB%8F%84%EB%A1%9C%EA%B5%90%ED%86%B5%EB%B2%95 South Korean Road Traffic Act]</li></ul>
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| [[#role-automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-participant-9f41564c|Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-driver-ab4023ad|Driver]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-driver-380749d1|Driver]] [France]<br>[[#role-driver-2f53bd34|Driver]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-fallback-user-b886f11e|Fallback User]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-fallback-ready-user-fru-00a2939b|Fallback-Ready User (FRU)]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|User-in-Charge (UiC)]] [UK]
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| —
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|-
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| data-sort-value="Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver" | <span id="role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5"></span>Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver
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| data-sort-value="California" | California
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| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
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| The human driver designated for a California testing operation when the applicable permit requires a driver. The person must meet the licensing, training, monitoring, and takeover requirements in the DMV regulations and the permit holder’s program.
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| <ul><li>Cal. Veh. Code § 38750; 13 CCR art. 3.7 (binding primary authority; status: Regulatory testing role) — [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=38750 California Vehicle Code]</li><li>California DMV testing-permit materials (official / technical material) — [https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/ California autonomous-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-participant-9f41564c|Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-backup-operator-43efb9a7|Backup Operator (Hong Kong)]]<br>[[#role-driver-ab4023ad|Driver]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-safety-driver-7fd2b3d4|Safety Driver]] [Singapore]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-18615849|Safety Operator]]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-94878ad6|Safety Operator]] [China (national)]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-8fa8cfb2|Safety Operator]] [China (Shenzhen)]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-c5faef16|Safety Operator]] [Singapore]
 +
| [[#role-testing-permit-holder-driver-present-2fda75ef|Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Backup Operator" | <span id="role-backup-operator-43efb9a7"></span>Backup Operator<br><small>Chinese: 後備操作員</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Hong Kong" | Hong Kong
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A person who may be required or named by a condition of a Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle pilot licence or AV certificate and who meets the qualifications specified in that condition. The regulatory records distinguish whether the AV system was overridden by a backup operator.
 +
| <ul><li>Road Traffic (Autonomous Vehicles) Regulation (Cap. 374AA), including ss. 2, 4(1), 13, 19(1), (2), (6), 20(3)(b), 34 (Hong Kong); in operation since 1 Mar. 2024 (binding primary authority; status: Statutory/permit-condition role) Transport Dept. pilot licence conditions PL24001(5) (remote backup operators, 1:1) and TD announcement of 23 July 2026 (driverless testing, Airport Island) (official / technical material) — [https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/taoav/index.html Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle trial framework]</li><li>Transport Department, Code of Practice for Trial and Pilot Use of Autonomous Vehicles (official / technical material) — [https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr2023/english/subleg/negative/2023ln164-e.pdf Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle legislation]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-safety-driver-7fd2b3d4|Safety Driver]] [Singapore]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-18615849|Safety Operator]]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-94878ad6|Safety Operator]] [China (national)]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-8fa8cfb2|Safety Operator]] [China (Shenzhen)]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-c5faef16|Safety Operator]] [Singapore]
 +
| [[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Commercial Authorization Holder" | <span id="role-commercial-authorization-holder-6b610d95"></span>Commercial Authorization Holder
 +
| data-sort-value="Texas" | Texas
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The person authorized by the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles to operate automated motor vehicles without a human driver for commercial transport of property or passengers. The 2025 law directs the Board to prescribe applications, statements, vehicle information, safety and contact materials, and enforcement by rule; compliance timing depends on the implementing rules.
 +
| <ul><li>Tex. Transp. Code s. 545.456, added by S.B. 2807 (2025) (binding primary authority; implementation-dependent) — [https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/docs/tn/pdf/tn.545.pdf Texas Transportation Code]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b|Deployment Permit Holder]] [California]<br>[[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]] [Hong Kong]
 +
| [[#role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c|Operator (ADS Attribution)]]<br>[[#role-owner-ffe00841|Owner]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Company" | <span id="role-company-f07f8e27"></span>Company
 +
| data-sort-value="Canada" | Canada
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| A company includes a person manufacturing vehicles or equipment in Canada, a person selling for resale vehicles or equipment obtained directly from such a manufacturer or its agent, and a person importing a vehicle or equipment for sale. ADS-related defect, testing, exemption, and corrective-action duties attach through this existing federal role rather than a dedicated ADS operator licence.
 +
| <ul><li>Motor Vehicle Safety Act, s. 2 and related compliance provisions (binding primary authority) — [https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/M-10.01/ Canadian Motor Vehicle Safety Act]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356|Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology]] [California]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Deployment Permit Holder" | <span id="role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b"></span>Deployment Permit Holder
 +
| data-sort-value="California" | California
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| An eligible manufacturer holding a California permit to deploy autonomous vehicles for public operation rather than merely test them. Deployment duties are distinct from testing duties; the holder must comply with the applicable safety case, reporting, financial-responsibility, operational, first-responder, and permit conditions.
 +
| <ul><li>Cal. Veh. Code § 38750; 13 CCR art. 3.8, as revised effective 28 Apr. 2026 (binding primary authority; status: Regulatory permit) — [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=38750 California Vehicle Code]</li><li>California DMV 2026 autonomous-vehicle regulatory materials (official / technical material) — [https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/ California autonomous-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-passenger-services-aps-permit-holder-c552c8ad|Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)]]<br>[[#role-commercial-authorization-holder-6b610d95|Commercial Authorization Holder]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394|Trial Permit Holder]] [Sweden]
 +
| [[#role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356|Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology]]<br>[[#role-operator-5b2563eb|Operator]]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant]]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-a70a683e|Remote Driver]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Dispatching Entity" | <span id="role-dispatching-entity-b62ec459"></span>Dispatching Entity
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| An entity that places one or more ADS-equipped vehicles into driverless service by engaging the ADS. Its dispatch functions may be divided among agents according to the vehicle-use specification; the entity does not itself perform the dynamic driving task.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| —
 +
| [[#role-driverless-operation-dispatcher-83cc140c|Driverless Operation Dispatcher]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driver" | <span id="role-driver-ab4023ad"></span>Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="Canada" | Canada
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| The human in the driver's seat for the driver-supervised stream of Ontario's Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle pilot. The driver must be properly qualified and prepared to engage and take control as required by the approved testing approach and program conditions.
 +
| <ul><li>O. Reg. 161/25 and Ontario ACMV Pilot Program Conditions (binding regulation plus official program conditions) — [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/r25161 Ontario ACMV pilot regulation]</li><li>[https://www.ontario.ca/page/automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-program-conditions Ontario ACMV pilot conditions]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df|Autonomous Vehicle Driver]] [South Korea]<br>[[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-driver-380749d1|Driver]] [France]<br>[[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]] [Germany]
 +
| [[#role-automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-participant-9f41564c|Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant]]<br>[[#role-trial-organization-5819d6ba|Trial Organization]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driver" | <span id="role-driver-380749d1"></span>Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="France" | France
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| The human who drives a vehicle capable of delegated driving. While the automated driving system controls the vehicle within its conditions of use, French law relieves the driver of specified responsibility for system-performed manoeuvres, subject to takeover obligations and exceptions for emergency or authority directions.
 +
| <ul><li>Ordonnance no. 2021-443; Code de la route arts. L. 123-1 and L. 123-2 (binding primary authority) — [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/loda/id/JORFTEXT000043370894/ French delegated-driving ordinance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-participant-9f41564c|Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df|Autonomous Vehicle Driver]] [South Korea]<br>[[#role-driver-ab4023ad|Driver]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|UiC]] [UK]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driver" | <span id="role-driver-1143c15f"></span>Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A user who performs in real time part or all of the dynamic driving task and/or DDT fallback for a particular vehicle. The technical role can be performed in the vehicle or remotely; it is distinct from a dispatcher or remote assistant performing only strategic or advisory functions.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-driver-1a0b9902|Driver]] [UN road traffic conventions]<br>[[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-remote-human-operator-80108104|Remote Human Operator]] [Florida]
 +
| [[#role-fallback-ready-user-fru-00a2939b|Fallback-Ready User (FRU)]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driver" | <span id="role-driver-2f53bd34"></span>Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="Switzerland" | Switzerland
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A human driver who may activate an approved motorway-pilot system and need not continuously monitor the road or vehicle while it is active. The driver must remain ready to resume control when requested and is distinct from the operator who supervises a driverless vehicle.
 +
| <ul><li>Swiss Road Traffic Act arts. 25a-25g and Ordinance on Automated Driving (OCAut/VAF) (binding primary authority; in force 1 Mar. 2025) — [https://www.astra.admin.ch/fr/ordonnance-sur-la-conduite-automatisee Swiss automated-driving ordinance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df|Autonomous Vehicle Driver]] [South Korea]<br>[[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-fallback-user-b886f11e|Fallback User]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-fallback-ready-user-fru-00a2939b|Fallback-Ready User (FRU)]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|UiC]] [UK]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driver" | <span id="role-driver-1a0b9902"></span>Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Road Traffic Conventions (1949/1968)" | UN Road Traffic Conventions (1949/1968)
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A person who drives a motor vehicle or another vehicle and, under the 1968 Convention, a person who guides certain animals on a road. The 1968 Convention treats its driver requirement as satisfied during compliant ADS operation without redefining the ADS itself as a driver.
 +
| <ul><li>1949 Convention on Road Traffic; 1968 Convention on Road Traffic, art. 1(v) and art. 34bis (binding treaty law for Contracting Parties) — [https://unece.org/texts-and-status-0 UN road-traffic conventions]</li><li>[https://unece.org/sites/default/files/2021-01/ECE-TRANS-WP.1-173-Add1e.pdf 1968 Convention amendment on automated driving]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-driver-1143c15f|Driver]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|UiC]] [UK]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driver" | <span id="role-driver-74bb5f25"></span>Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="US (national)" | US (national)
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| Driver means the occupant of a motor vehicle seated immediately behind the steering control system. This occupant-based definition can produce a vacancy in vehicles without conventional controls.
 +
| <ul><li>49 C.F.R. § 571.3 (binding primary authority; current federal definition) — [https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-49/subtitle-B/chapter-V/part-571/section-571.3 US FMVSS driver definition]</li><li>NHTSA, Occupant Protection for Vehicles With Automated Driving Systems, 87 Fed. Reg. 18556 (30 Mar. 2022) (binding final rule retaining a human-occupant definition in the relevant context) — [https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/2022-03/Final-Rule-Occupant-Protection-Amendment-Automated-Vehicles.pdf NHTSA ADS occupant-protection final rule]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-human-operator-f2a0f895|Human Operator]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-in-vehicle-driver-982958f1|In-Vehicle Driver]] [SAE J3016]
 +
| [[#role-driver-52714c95|Driver]] [ADS]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driver" | <span id="role-driver-52714c95"></span>Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="US (national)" | US (national)
 +
| data-sort-value="ADS" | ADS
 +
| An automated driving system treated as the driver in NHTSA's interpretation of Google's described vehicle design, which had no human driving controls and was controlled exclusively by its Self-Driving System. The interpretation was confined to those facts and did not amend the general FMVSS definition of driver.
 +
| <ul><li>NHTSA Letter to Google, 4 Feb. 2016 (official interpretation confined to the described design) — [https://www.nhtsa.gov/interpretations/google-compiled-response-12-nov-15-interp-request-4-feb-16-final NHTSA Google interpretation]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operator-ads-attribution-2dc21cad|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Florida]<br>[[#role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Texas]
 +
| [[#role-driver-74bb5f25|Driver]] [Human]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driverless Operation Dispatcher" | <span id="role-driverless-operation-dispatcher-83cc140c"></span>Driverless Operation Dispatcher
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A user who dispatches one or more ADS-equipped vehicles in driverless operation. Dispatch is a strategic service function rather than performance of the dynamic driving task, although the same person may also perform other fleet-operation functions.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-driverless-operation-dispatcher-23f723ea|Driverless Operation Dispatcher]] [Utah]
 +
| [[#role-ads-assistant-39bf114e|ADS Assistant]]<br>[[#role-dispatching-entity-b62ec459|Dispatching Entity]]<br>[[#role-remote-ads-assistant-97510739|Remote ADS Assistant]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driverless Operation Dispatcher" | <span id="role-driverless-operation-dispatcher-23f723ea"></span>Driverless Operation Dispatcher
 +
| data-sort-value="Utah" | Utah
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A user who dispatches an ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation. Utah codifies the role and the associated dispatch function, including software-enabled dispatch of multiple vehicles and trips; dispatch remains a strategic function rather than performance of the DDT.
 +
| <ul><li>Utah Code ss. 41-26-102.1 and 41-26-103 (binding primary authority; effective numbering as of 6 May 2026) — [https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title41/Chapter26/C41-26-S102.1_2026050620260506.pdf Utah automated-vehicle law]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-driverless-operation-dispatcher-83cc140c|Driverless Operation Dispatcher]] [SAE J3016]
 +
| [[#role-remote-driver-68ebc18d|Remote Driver]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Driverless Testing Permit Holder" | <span id="role-driverless-testing-permit-holder-bf1f293d"></span>Driverless Testing Permit Holder
 +
| data-sort-value="California" | California
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| An eligible entity holding a California permit to test autonomous vehicles without a driver in the vehicle. The permit imposes category-specific financial-responsibility, operational, reporting, remote-communication, law-enforcement, and first-responder requirements.
 +
| <ul><li>Cal. Veh. Code § 38750; 13 CCR art. 3.7, as revised effective 28 Apr. 2026 (binding primary authority; status: Regulatory permit) — [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=38750 California Vehicle Code]</li><li>California DMV 2026 autonomous-vehicle regulatory materials (official / technical material) — [https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/ California autonomous-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-passenger-services-aps-permit-holder-c552c8ad|Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)]]<br>[[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394|Trial Permit Holder]] [Sweden]
 +
| [[#role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356|Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology]]<br>[[#role-operator-5b2563eb|Operator]]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant]]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-a70a683e|Remote Driver]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Encadrant d&#x27;intervention à distance" | <span id="role-encadrant-d-intervention-a-distance-4707a077"></span>Encadrant d'intervention à distance
 +
| data-sort-value="France" | France
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| Personnel exercising supervisory or managerial responsibility over remote-intervention operations under the French STRA implementing framework. The role is distinct from the opérateur d’intervention à distance who performs the authorized intervention and should be identified separately in staffing, competence, and operating arrangements.
 +
| <ul><li>Arrêté du 2 août 2022 pris pour l’application de l’article R. 3152-1 du code des transports (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000043729532 French STRA decree]</li><li>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000046151685 French remote-intervention order]</li></ul>
 +
| —
 +
| [[#role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830|Opérateur d'intervention à distance]]<br>[[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Executive Officer" | <span id="role-executive-officer-87a1daac"></span>Executive Officer
 +
| data-sort-value="Australia" | Australia
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| An executive officer of an Automated Driving System Entity would have a personal due-diligence duty to ensure that the ADSE complies with its safety duties. The role remains proposed, not enacted.
 +
| <ul><li>Australian Government / NTC automated-vehicle safety reform materials (official policy; status: proposed AVSL role, not enacted as of 23 Aug. 2026) — [https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure-transport-vehicles/transport-strategy-policy/office-future-transport-technology/automated-vehicles Australian automated-vehicle policy]</li><li>[https://www.ntc.gov.au/sites/default/files/assets/files/ADSE%20in-service%20obligations%20April%202024.pdf Australian ADSE obligations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-nominated-individual-acc58b0c|Nominated Individual (UK)]]<br>[[#role-responsible-person-for-permit-compliance-14154777|Responsible Person for Permit Compliance]] [Sweden]<br>[[#role-responsible-person-in-the-owner-entity-ddd7ca19|Responsible Person in the Owner Entity (Croatia)]]<br>[[#role-senior-manager-210a5506|Senior Manager (UK)]]
 +
| [[#role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8|Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Fahrzeugführer" | <span id="role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c"></span>Fahrzeugführer<br><small>English: vehicle driver</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Germany" | Germany
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| The Fahrzeugführer is the natural person driving the vehicle.
 +
| <ul><li>StVG §§ 1a–1b, 1d–1g; StVFernLV (Germany) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvg/ German Road Traffic Act]</li><li>[https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afgbv/ German Autonomous Vehicles Approval and Operation Ordinance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-participant-9f41564c|Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df|Autonomous Vehicle Driver]] [South Korea]<br>[[#role-driver-ab4023ad|Driver]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-driver-380749d1|Driver]] [France]<br>[[#role-driver-1143c15f|Driver]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-driver-2f53bd34|Driver]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-driver-1a0b9902|Driver]] [UN road traffic conventions]<br>[[#role-in-vehicle-driver-982958f1|In-Vehicle Driver]] [SAE J3016]
 +
| [[#role-halter-a8f7804f|Halter]]<br>[[#role-technische-aufsicht-97612a0d|Technische Aufsicht]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Fallback User" | <span id="role-fallback-user-b886f11e"></span>Fallback User
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| An ADS user located inside the vehicle who is designated to perform dynamic-driving-task fallback after an ADS fallback response. The person must be correctly seated, able to take control, and in contact with the steering control before deactivation completes.
 +
| <ul><li>UN GTR on ADS ¶¶ 2.6.1–2.6.2, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 2.15, 2.16, 2.20, 4.1.6.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.2.1.6, 4.2.2.2.5, 4.2.2.3.8.1, 4.3.7 ([https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139]) (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN text; final editorial numbering check)</li><li>Parallel UN ADS Regulation (adopted June 2026; [https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137]; final number pending official publication) (UN Regulation under the 1958 Agreement; binding on Contracting Parties applying it)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df|Autonomous Vehicle Driver]] [South Korea]<br>[[#role-driver-2f53bd34|Driver]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-fallback-ready-user-fru-00a2939b|Fallback-Ready User (FRU)]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-in-vehicle-fallback-ready-user-9e6e6f07|In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-fallback-ready-user-4887bfd2|Remote Fallback-Ready User]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|User-in-Charge (UiC)]] [UK]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Fallback-Ready User (FRU)" | <span id="role-fallback-ready-user-fru-00a2939b"></span>Fallback-Ready User (FRU)
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A user of a vehicle with an engaged Level 3 ADS feature who is qualified and able to operate the vehicle and remains receptive to ADS alerts and evident failures that require the user to perform fallback.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df|Autonomous Vehicle Driver]] [South Korea]<br>[[#role-driver-2f53bd34|Driver]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-fallback-user-b886f11e|Fallback User]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|User-in-Charge (UiC)]] [UK]
 +
| [[#role-driver-1143c15f|Driver]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Fernlenkende Person" | <span id="role-fernlenkende-person-4d72753c"></span>Fernlenkende Person<br><small>English: remotely driving person</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Germany" | Germany
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A natural person who remotely controls a motor vehicle in Germany's temporary remote-driving framework. While remote control is active, the person is treated as the Fahrzeugführer and must meet licensing, suitability, workplace, communications, and operational requirements.
 +
| <ul><li>StVFernLV, especially §§ 2–7, 19–20 (Germany) (binding primary authority; status: Temporary German trial framework, 1 Dec. 2025–30 Nov. 2030) — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvfernlv/ German Remote Driving Ordinance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-remote-driver-a70a683e|Remote Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-28836be0|Remote Driver]] [Netherlands]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-9b0391aa|Remote Driver]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-68ebc18d|Remote Driver]] [Utah]<br>[[#role-remote-fallback-ready-user-4887bfd2|Remote Fallback-Ready User]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-human-operator-80108104|Remote Human Operator]] [Florida]
 +
| [[#role-halter-a8f7804f|Halter]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="First Responder" | <span id="role-first-responder-c2132b8f"></span>First Responder
 +
| data-sort-value="Generic" | Generic
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A human emergency responder. While traveling on the road to or from an incident, the responder and any emergency vehicle are road users whose movement and applicable priority rules the ADS must recognize. At a crash or incident scene, the responder may be working in or beside the roadway, directing traffic, assisting people, or managing hazards, and may also qualify as an Other Road User, Traffic Controller, Road-Safety Agent, or Vulnerable Road User.
 +
| <ul><li>Generic emergency-response role; the UN ADS instruments provide official framework-specific road-user and road-safety-agent comparisons. — [https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 UN GTR on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-road-safety-agent-9b012d2e|Road-Safety Agent]] [UN ADS]
 +
| [[#role-second-responder-8b0bdee5|Second Responder]]<br>[[#role-traffic-controller-6b40ab14|Traffic Controller]]<br>[[#role-vulnerable-road-user-6537132d|Vulnerable Road User]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="First-Supply Regulator" | <span id="role-first-supply-regulator-68fb88fb"></span>First-Supply Regulator
 +
| data-sort-value="Australia" | Australia
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| The Commonwealth regulator responsible for vehicle and equipment compliance when first supplied to the Australian market. It is distinct from the proposed in-service regulator that would oversee an Automated Driving System Entity after deployment.
 +
| <ul><li>Road Vehicle Standards Act 2018 (Cth) (binding primary authority; status: Existing federal vehicle-supply function; proposed ADSE interface) — [https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2018A00163/latest Australian Road Vehicle Standards Act]</li><li>NTC, proposed regulator powers and functions (Apr. 2024) (official / technical material) — [https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2018A00163/latest Australian Road Vehicle Standards Act]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-approval-authority-7a850706|Approval Authority]] [UNECE 1958 Agreement]<br>[[#role-in-use-regulator-34cc7307|In-Use Regulator]] [Generic]
 +
| [[#role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8|Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Fleet Operator" | <span id="role-fleet-operator-902414c2"></span>Fleet Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="Generic" | Generic
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| A generic term for an entity that deploys and manages a fleet of ADS-equipped vehicles. A framework may instead assign this work to an ADP, ASDE, licensed NUiC operator, Halter, SAO implementer, STRA operator, or use subject.
 +
| <ul><li>Generic cross-framework organizational role; [https://www.uniformlaws.org/viewdocument/final-act-29?CommunityKey=4e70cf8e-a3f4-4c55-9d27-fb3e2ab241d6&tab=librarydocuments UAOVA] provides an illustrative allocation of fleet-related duties to an Automated Driving Provider.</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043|Licensed NUiC Operator]]<br>[[#role-organisateur-du-service-d2a1d37a|Organisateur du service (France)]]<br>[[#role-transport-service-operator-67a6f1b1|Transport Service Operator]]
 +
| [[#role-remote-monitor-ad7e301d|Remote Monitor]]<br>[[#role-second-responder-8b0bdee5|Second Responder]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Halter" | <span id="role-halter-a8f7804f"></span>Halter<br><small>English: vehicle keeper</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Germany" | Germany
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The Halter is the person or entity that keeps the vehicle for its own account and exercises the relevant power of disposition; the keeper may differ from the legal owner.
 +
| <ul><li>StVG §§ 1f(1), 1g, 7, 12 (Germany) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvg/ German Road Traffic Act]</li><li>Gesetz zum autonomen Fahren, 12 July 2021, BGBl. I S. 3108 (binding primary authority) — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afgbv/ German Autonomous Vehicles Approval and Operation Ordinance]</li><li>AFGBV §§ 12–14 (current consolidated text) (binding primary authority)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-owner-ffe00841|Owner]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-owner-of-a-fully-automated-vehicle-32081c08|Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle (Croatia)]]<br>[[#role-registered-operator-18011995|Registered Operator (Australia)]]
 +
| [[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]]<br>[[#role-fernlenkende-person-4d72753c|Fernlenkende Person]]<br>[[#role-hersteller-3e8eeccd|Hersteller]]<br>[[#role-technische-aufsicht-97612a0d|Technische Aufsicht]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Hersteller" | <span id="role-hersteller-3e8eeccd"></span>Hersteller<br><small>English: manufacturer</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Germany" | Germany
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The natural or legal person responsible to the approval authority for type approval and for ensuring conformity of production. Depending on the applicable German or EU instrument, the role may also carry operating-permit, safety, documentation, and market-correction duties.
 +
| <ul><li>StVG §§ 1e, 1f(3), 1g(3), 1j; AFGBV (Germany) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvg/ German Road Traffic Act]</li><li>Regulation (EU) 2018/858; Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1426 (EU type approval) (binding primary authority) — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afgbv/ German Autonomous Vehicles Approval and Operation Ordinance]</li><li>KBA, national operating-permit guidance (official / technical material)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]]<br>[[#role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356|Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology]] [California]<br>[[#role-system-designer-b1953c84|System Designer]] [France]
 +
| [[#role-halter-a8f7804f|Halter]]<br>[[#role-technische-aufsicht-97612a0d|Technische Aufsicht]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Human Operator" | <span id="role-human-operator-f2a0f895"></span>Human Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="Texas" | Texas
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A natural person in an automated motor vehicle who controls the entire dynamic driving task. A licensed human operator is not required when the ADS is engaged, but the term remains important for distinguishing conventional human control from driverless commercial operation.
 +
| <ul><li>Tex. Transp. Code s. 545.451 and related provisions (binding primary authority) — [https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/docs/tn/pdf/tn.545.pdf Texas Transportation Code]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-driver-74bb5f25|Driver]] [US FMVSS]<br>[[#role-in-vehicle-driver-982958f1|In-Vehicle Driver]] [SAE J3016]
 +
| [[#role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c|Operator (ADS Attribution)]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="In-Use Regulator" | <span id="role-in-use-regulator-34cc7307"></span>In-Use Regulator
 +
| data-sort-value="Generic" | Generic
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| A generic term for a public authority that monitors and enforces safety obligations after automated vehicles enter service. Different frameworks distribute these functions among one or more authorities rather than using a single office with this name.
 +
| <ul><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024, §§ 14–23, 28–40, 60–77 (UK) (binding primary authority; status: Analytical cross-jurisdictional function) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/10/contents UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024]</li><li>49 U.S.C. ch. 301 (United States) (binding primary authority) — [https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure-transport-vehicles/transport-strategy-policy/office-future-transport-technology/automated-vehicles Australian automated-vehicle policy]</li><li>NTC, Regulator Powers and Functions (Apr. 2024) (official / technical material)</li><li>NHTSA, AV STEP NPRM (15 Jan. 2025) and withdrawal (26 June 2026) (official / technical material)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-first-supply-regulator-68fb88fb|First-Supply Regulator]] [Australia]<br>[[#role-relevant-authority-b0d0ca19|Relevant Authority (UN in-service reporting)]]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="In-Vehicle ADS Assistant" | <span id="role-in-vehicle-ads-assistant-a5cc1b59"></span>In-Vehicle ADS Assistant
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A user who provides event-driven information or advice to an ADS while located in the vehicle. The ADS continues to perform the dynamic driving task and fallback; a customer-service attendant responding to an ADS request is one example.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-on-board-operator-ef92724a|On-Board Operator]]<br>[[#role-on-board-operator-ef92724a|On-Board Operator]] [Croatia]<br>[[#role-on-board-operator-8bcddb28|On-Board Operator]] [European Union]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="In-Vehicle Driver" | <span id="role-in-vehicle-driver-982958f1"></span>In-Vehicle Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A driver who manually exercises in-vehicle braking, accelerating, steering, and transmission gear selection input devices in order to operate a vehicle; seated in the driver's seat, the unique seating position making those input devices accessible. "Conventional driver" is an acceptable synonym.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-driver-74bb5f25|Driver]] [US FMVSS]<br>[[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-human-operator-f2a0f895|Human Operator]] [Texas]
 +
| [[#role-in-vehicle-fallback-ready-user-9e6e6f07|In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User" | <span id="role-in-vehicle-fallback-ready-user-9e6e6f07"></span>In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A fallback-ready user seated in the driver’s seat of a conventional vehicle while a Level 3 ADS feature is engaged. After an alert to perform the dynamic driving task, the user can become the in-vehicle driver and perform fallback.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fallback-user-b886f11e|Fallback User]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|User-in-Charge (UiC)]] [UK]
 +
| [[#role-in-vehicle-driver-982958f1|In-Vehicle Driver]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Insurer" | <span id="role-insurer-26fabc5e"></span>Insurer
 +
| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| The insurer is directly liable to an injured person where an accident is caused by a listed vehicle when driving itself on a road or other public place in Great Britain and the vehicle is insured at the time. This is a single-insurer victim-compensation role, not a general definition of insurers in other frameworks.
 +
| <ul><li>Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018 (UK), Part 1, ss. 1-6 (binding primary authority; extends to Great Britain) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2018/18/contents UK Automated and Electric Vehicles Act 2018]</li></ul>
 +
| —
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Licensed NUiC Operator" | <span id="role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043"></span>Licensed NUiC Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The licensed entity with general responsibility for detecting and responding to problems during journeys made by vehicles with no user in charge. It must remain capable, financially sound, and operationally ready to oversee those journeys; it is distinct from the ASDE responsible for how the vehicle drives.
 +
| <ul><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024, c. 10, §§ 12–13, 53 (UK) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted; licensing regulations not yet fully commenced) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/10/contents UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024]</li><li>Law Comm'ns Joint Report, Law Com. No. 404, ch. 7 (Jan. 2022) (official / technical material) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/439/contents/made UK automated-vehicle regulations]</li><li>CCAV, APS Permitting Scheme Consultation (2025–26) (official / technical material)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fleet-operator-902414c2|Fleet Operator]]<br>[[#role-organisateur-du-service-d2a1d37a|Organisateur du service (France)]]<br>[[#role-transport-service-operator-67a6f1b1|Transport Service Operator]]
 +
| [[#role-authorised-automated-vehicle-incident-inspector-41f4c782|Authorised Automated Vehicle Incident Inspector]]<br>[[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]<br>[[#role-automated-passenger-services-aps-permit-holder-c552c8ad|Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-nominated-individual-acc58b0c|Nominated Individual]]<br>[[#role-senior-manager-210a5506|Senior Manager]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Manufacturer" | <span id="role-manufacturer-644d113f"></span>Manufacturer
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The manufacturer is the principal technical addressee of the adopted UN ADS instruments. It must establish and document a lifecycle Safety Management System, build and independently review a safety case, validate the ADS through a multi-pillar approach, conduct in-service monitoring and reporting, take remedial action, and supply required information and data.
 +
| <ul><li>UN ADS GTR paras. 2.31, 5.1-5.4, 6.1 ([https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139]) and parallel UN ADS Regulation (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137) (adopted 24 June 2026; implementation status differs under the 1998 and 1958 Agreements)</li><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 UN Regulation on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automobile-manufacturer-pilot-consortium-93a764f5|Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium)]] [China (national)]<br>[[#role-company-f07f8e27|Company]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-hersteller-3e8eeccd|Hersteller (manufacturer)]]<br>[[#role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356|Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology]] [California]<br>[[#role-system-designer-b1953c84|System Designer]] [France]
 +
| [[#role-assessor-competent-personnel-3c12ddcb|Assessor / Competent Personnel]]<br>[[#role-authorized-entity-effc0508|Authorized Entity]]<br>[[#role-relevant-authority-b0d0ca19|Relevant Authority]]<br>[[#role-safety-management-system-auditor-5d699ea6|Safety Management System Auditor]]<br>[[#role-safety-case-reviewer-49da5fa6|Safety-Case Reviewer]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology" | <span id="role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356"></span>Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology
 +
| data-sort-value="California" | California
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The person that originally manufactures and equips a vehicle with autonomous technology, or modifies a completed vehicle by installing autonomous technology. Eligibility and duties under the DMV permit system depend on the specific testing or deployment pathway.
 +
| <ul><li>Cal. Veh. Code s. 38750(a)(5); 13 CCR arts. 3.7-3.8 (binding primary authority) — [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=38750 California Vehicle Code]</li><li>[https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/ California autonomous-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automobile-manufacturer-pilot-consortium-93a764f5|Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium)]] [China (national)]<br>[[#role-company-f07f8e27|Company]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-hersteller-3e8eeccd|Hersteller]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-system-designer-b1953c84|System Designer]] [France]
 +
| [[#role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b|Deployment Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-driverless-testing-permit-holder-bf1f293d|Driverless Testing Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-testing-permit-holder-driver-present-2fda75ef|Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Nominated Individual" | <span id="role-nominated-individual-acc58b0c"></span>Nominated Individual
 +
| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A named individual whom a regulated body may nominate to maintain oversight of its licensed no-user-in-charge operations and serve as a senior point of accountability. Nomination is permitted but not mandatory, and the role is distinct from the body’s senior manager.
 +
| <ul><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024, §§ 15, 26 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted; depends on imposed nomination requirement) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/10/contents UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024]</li><li>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/439/contents/made UK automated-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-executive-officer-87a1daac|Executive Officer]] [Australia]<br>[[#role-responsible-person-for-permit-compliance-14154777|Responsible Person for Permit Compliance]] [Sweden]<br>[[#role-responsible-person-in-the-owner-entity-ddd7ca19|Responsible Person in the Owner Entity]] [Croatia]<br>[[#role-specified-person-44b58c10|Specified Person]] [Singapore]
 +
| [[#role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043|Licensed NUiC Operator]]<br>[[#role-senior-manager-210a5506|Senior Manager]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Occupant" | <span id="role-occupant-9f8f2817"></span>Occupant
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| An occupant is an ADS user located in the ADS vehicle. This matters because a fallback user must be an occupant; the UN framework therefore does not create a remote fallback user.
 +
| <ul><li>UN ADS GTR paras. 2.14.1 and 2.14.3 ([https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139]) and parallel UN ADS Regulation (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137)</li><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 UN Regulation on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| —
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="On-Board Operator" | <span id="role-on-board-operator-ef92724a"></span>On-Board Operator<br><small>Croatian: operator u vozilu</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Croatia" | Croatia
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A person inside a fully automated vehicle who may activate, reinitialize, or deactivate the ADS; order a minimal-risk maneuver; confirm an ADS-proposed maneuver while stopped; order a safe low-speed maneuver after a minimal-risk stop; change route or stop planning; or assist passengers in defined emergencies. The person does not drive the vehicle while performing these functions, and the ADS continues the dynamic driving task.
 +
| <ul><li>Croatian Road Safety Act definitions 112 and art. 281.c, as amended by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force from Dec. 2024) — [https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2024_12_145_2377.html Croatian automated-driving law]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-in-vehicle-ads-assistant-a5cc1b59|In-Vehicle ADS Assistant]]<br>[[#role-on-board-operator-8bcddb28|On-Board Operator]]
 +
| [[#role-owner-of-a-fully-automated-vehicle-32081c08|Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="On-Board Operator" | <span id="role-on-board-operator-8bcddb28"></span>On-Board Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="European Union" | European Union
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A person inside a fully automated vehicle who may activate, re-initialise, or deactivate the ADS; request or confirm specified minimal-risk or low-speed manoeuvres; adjust itinerary or stopping points; and assist passengers. The person does not perform the dynamic driving task.
 +
| <ul><li>Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1426, consolidated 24 Mar. 2026, art. 2 and relevant annexes (binding primary authority; status: EU type-approval role; consolidated 24 Mar. 2026) — [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R1426 EU Regulation 2022/1426]</li><li>Croatian Road Safety Act, as amended by NN 145/2024 (parallel national role) (binding primary authority) — [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R1426 EU Regulation 2022/1426]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-in-vehicle-ads-assistant-a5cc1b59|In-Vehicle ADS Assistant]]<br>[[#role-on-board-operator-ef92724a|On-Board Operator]] [Croatia]
 +
| [[#role-transport-service-operator-67a6f1b1|Transport Service Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="On-Site Response Operator" | <span id="role-on-site-response-operator-17f6beac"></span>On-Site Response Operator<br><small>Japanese: 現場措置業務実施者</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Japan" | Japan
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A person designated to reach an accident or incident scene during specified automated operation and take the measures needed to prevent danger on the road. The role supplies the operation's own physical response when the chief supervisor is monitoring remotely rather than riding in the vehicle.
 +
| <ul><li>道路交通法 (Road Traffic Act, Japan) arts. 75-12(1) (permit), 75-19(1), (3), 75-21, as amended by Act No. 32 of 2022 (in force 1 Apr. 2023) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=335AC0000000105 Japanese Road Traffic Act]</li><li>National Police Agency, 特定自動運行に係る許可制度の創設について (June 2022) (official / technical material) — [https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/traffic/selfdriving/L4-summary.pdf Japanese Level 4 automated-operation guidance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-second-responder-8b0bdee5|Second Responder]]
 +
| [[#role-sao-chief-supervisor-880317ca|SAO Chief Supervisor]]<br>[[#role-sao-implementer-363ba981|SAO Implementer]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Operator" | <span id="role-operator-5b2563eb"></span>Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="California" | California
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The person seated in the driver's seat of an autonomous vehicle or, if no person is seated there, the person who causes the autonomous technology to engage. This statutory attribution is distinct from permit-holder, test-driver, remote-driver, and remote-assistant roles.
 +
| <ul><li>Cal. Veh. Code s. 38750(a)(4) (binding primary authority) — [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=38750 California Vehicle Code]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operator-ads-attribution-2dc21cad|Operator (ADS attribution)]] [Florida/Texas]<br>[[#role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-operator-e962c702|Operator]] [Nevada]<br>[[#role-person-deemed-the-driver-eb0dbdbd|Person Deemed the Driver]] [Sweden]
 +
| [[#role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b|Deployment Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-driverless-testing-permit-holder-bf1f293d|Driverless Testing Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-testing-permit-holder-driver-present-2fda75ef|Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Operator" | <span id="role-operator-e962c702"></span>Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="Nevada" | Nevada
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| A person is deemed the operator of an autonomous vehicle in autonomous mode when the person causes it to engage, whether or not the person is physically present. The role is activation-based and should not be treated as equivalent to a remote driver or fleet operator.
 +
| <ul><li>Nev. Admin. Code s. 482A.020 (binding primary authority) — [https://www.leg.state.nv.us/Division/Legal/LawLibrary/NAC/NAC-482A.html Nevada autonomous-vehicle rules]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8|ADP]] [UAOVA]<br>[[#role-operator-5b2563eb|Operator]] [California]<br>[[#role-person-deemed-the-driver-eb0dbdbd|Person Deemed the Driver]] [Sweden]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Operator" | <span id="role-operator-fc00bc9d"></span>Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="Switzerland" | Switzerland
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A human who remotely supervises a driverless vehicle and may perform or approve the interventions allowed by Swiss law, including proposed manoeuvres. The role is distinct from remote driving, and the operator need not work from a facility formally designated as a control centre.
 +
| <ul><li>Ordinance on Automated Driving (OCA/VAF), effective 1 Mar. 2025 (Switzerland) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force from 1 Mar. 2025) — [https://www.astra.admin.ch/fr/ordonnance-sur-la-conduite-automatisee Swiss automated-driving ordinance]</li><li>Federal Roads Office (ASTRA), official automated-driving guidance (official / technical material) — [https://www.astra.admin.ch/fr/ordonnance-sur-la-conduite-automatisee Swiss automated-driving ordinance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-platform-safety-monitoring-personnel-d69665e5|Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel (Beijing)]]<br>[[#role-remote-monitor-ad7e301d|Remote Monitor]]<br>[[#role-sao-chief-supervisor-880317ca|SAO Chief Supervisor]]<br>[[#role-technische-aufsicht-97612a0d|Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision)]]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Operator (ADS Attribution)" | <span id="role-operator-ads-attribution-2dc21cad"></span>Operator (ADS Attribution)
 +
| data-sort-value="Florida" | Florida
 +
| data-sort-value="ADS" | ADS
 +
| When the ADS is engaged, Florida deems the automated driving system to be the operator for purposes of assessing compliance with traffic and motor-vehicle laws, regardless of whether a person is physically present. This legal attribution is distinct from the natural-person Remote Human Operator.
 +
| <ul><li>Fla. Stat. s. 316.85 (binding primary authority) — [https://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0316/Sections/0316.85.html Florida ADS operation statute]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8|ADP]] [UAOVA]<br>[[#role-driver-52714c95|Driver]] [US (national); ADS]<br>[[#role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-operator-5b2563eb|Operator]] [California]<br>[[#role-person-deemed-the-driver-eb0dbdbd|Person Deemed the Driver]] [Sweden]
 +
| [[#role-remote-human-operator-80108104|Remote Human Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Operator (ADS Attribution)" | <span id="role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c"></span>Operator (ADS Attribution)
 +
| data-sort-value="Texas" | Texas
 +
| data-sort-value="ADS" | ADS
 +
| When engaged, the automated driving system is considered the operator of the automated motor vehicle for assessing compliance with traffic and motor-vehicle laws. The owner remains responsible for that compliance, and commercial driverless operations require the separate authorization framework.
 +
| <ul><li>Tex. Transp. Code ch. 545, subch. J (binding primary authority) — [https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/docs/tn/pdf/tn.545.pdf Texas Transportation Code]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8|ADP]] [UAOVA]<br>[[#role-driver-52714c95|Driver]] [US (national); ADS]<br>[[#role-operator-ads-attribution-2dc21cad|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Florida]<br>[[#role-operator-5b2563eb|Operator]] [California]<br>[[#role-person-deemed-the-driver-eb0dbdbd|Person Deemed the Driver]] [Sweden]
 +
| [[#role-commercial-authorization-holder-6b610d95|Commercial Authorization Holder]]<br>[[#role-human-operator-f2a0f895|Human Operator]]<br>[[#role-owner-ffe00841|Owner]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Opérateur d&#x27;intervention à distance" | <span id="role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830"></span>Opérateur d'intervention à distance
 +
| data-sort-value="France" | France
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A person who performs authorized remote-intervention functions within the safety framework of an automated road transport system. The person may issue defined instructions or assistance but does not continuously control the vehicle’s motion and therefore is not a remote driver.
 +
| <ul><li>Code des transports arts. R. 3151-1 ff.; Arrêté du 2 août 2022 (France) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000043729532 French STRA decree]</li><li>STRMTG, Référentiels techniques STRA (official / technical material) — [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000046151685 French remote-intervention order]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-ads-assistant-39bf114e|ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-ads-assistant-97510739|Remote ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant / Remote ADS Assistant]]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-213055be|Remote Assistant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-f60553ab|Remote Intervention Operator]]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-f60553ab|Remote Intervention Operator]] [Croatia]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-6a7f664c|Remote Intervention Operator]] [European Union]
 +
| [[#role-encadrant-d-intervention-a-distance-4707a077|Encadrant d'intervention à distance]]<br>[[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Organisateur du service" | <span id="role-organisateur-du-service-d2a1d37a"></span>Organisateur du service
 +
| data-sort-value="France" | France
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The person or public/private body responsible for organizing the automated road transport service under the French STRA framework. The organizer is legally distinct from the system designer and the exploitant, although one entity may hold more than one role.
 +
| <ul><li>Code des transports arts. L. 3151-1 ff. and R. 3151-1 ff.; Décret n° 2021-873; Décret n° 2024-1063 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted STRA service role) — [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000043729532 French STRA decree]</li><li>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000046151685 French remote-intervention order]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fleet-operator-902414c2|Fleet Operator]]<br>[[#role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043|Licensed NUiC Operator]]<br>[[#role-transport-service-operator-67a6f1b1|Transport Service Operator]]
 +
| [[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]<br>[[#role-system-designer-b1953c84|System Designer]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)" | <span id="role-organisme-qualifie-agree-oqa-190f5b3d"></span>Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)
 +
| data-sort-value="France" | France
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| An organisme qualifié agréé is an independent accredited body that assesses the operator’s safety-demonstration file under STRMTG oversight. The authorization authority relies on that assessment in authorizing a service.
 +
| <ul><li>Décret n° 2021-873 du 29 juin 2021; Code des transports arts. R. 3151-1 ff. (France) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted French role; guidance describes methodology) — [https://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/guide-d-application-relatif-a-la-mission-de-l-a800.html French OQA guidance]</li><li>DGITM/STRMTG, current GAME safety-demonstration guidance; STRMTG, automated road transport systems materials (official / technical material) — [https://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/guide-d-application-relatif-a-la-mission-de-l-a800.html French OQA guidance]</li><li>Comparative analogy to the UN safety-case reviewer (secondary / analytical source) — [https://www.strmtg.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/guide-d-application-relatif-a-la-mission-de-l-a800.html French OQA guidance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-assessor-competent-personnel-3c12ddcb|Assessor / Competent Personnel (UN)]]<br>[[#role-safety-management-system-auditor-5d699ea6|Safety Management System Auditor (UN)]]<br>[[#role-safety-case-reviewer-49da5fa6|Safety-Case Reviewer]]<br>[[#role-technical-service-8df5b955|Technical Service]] [UNECE 1958 Agreement]
 +
| [[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]<br>[[#role-system-designer-b1953c84|System Designer]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Other Road User" | <span id="role-other-road-user-9aa208bd"></span>Other Road User
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A human outside the ADS vehicle whose presence or behaviour is relevant to the driving task and safety response. In the broader usage of the term, it can also refer to animals, vehicles, and other nearby actors and objects; a traffic controller, first responder, driver, cyclist, or pedestrian may simultaneously be an other road user.
 +
| <ul><li>UN ADS GTR, including paras. 2.14, 2.21, 3.1 and 4.1.2.6-4.1.2.7 ([https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139]), with the parallel UN ADS Regulation (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137)</li><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 UN Regulation on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| —
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Owner" | <span id="role-owner-ffe00841"></span>Owner
 +
| data-sort-value="Texas" | Texas
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The owner of the automated driving system bears responsibility for compliance with traffic and motor-vehicle laws when the ADS is engaged, even though the ADS is considered the operator for that limited purpose. Commercial driverless operation is also subject to the authorization framework added in 2025.
 +
| <ul><li>Tex. Transp. Code ch. 545, subch. J, including ss. 545.451-545.456 (binding primary authority; as amended by S.B. 2807, 2025) — [https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/docs/tn/pdf/tn.545.pdf Texas Transportation Code]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-halter-a8f7804f|Halter]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-registered-operator-18011995|Registered Operator]] [Australia]
 +
| [[#role-commercial-authorization-holder-6b610d95|Commercial Authorization Holder]]<br>[[#role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c|Operator (ADS Attribution)]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle" | <span id="role-owner-of-a-fully-automated-vehicle-32081c08"></span>Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle<br><small>Croatian: vlasnik potpuno automatiziranog vozila</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Croatia" | Croatia
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| The legal person that owns a fully automated vehicle used for public transport outside an approved area in Croatia. The owner is responsible for registration, safety settings, markings, qualified personnel, data preservation, video monitoring, access controls, and, subject to exceptions, traffic offences committed by the vehicle.
 +
| <ul><li>Croatian Road Safety Act arts. 281.a–281.f, as inserted by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force from Dec. 2024) — [https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2024_12_145_2377.html Croatian automated-driving law]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-halter-a8f7804f|Halter (vehicle keeper)]]<br>[[#role-registered-operator-18011995|Registered Operator (Australia)]]
 +
| [[#role-on-board-operator-ef92724a|On-Board Operator]]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-f60553ab|Remote Intervention Operator]]<br>[[#role-responsible-person-in-the-owner-entity-ddd7ca19|Responsible Person in the Owner Entity]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Passenger" | <span id="role-passenger-c7cb246f"></span>Passenger
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A user inside a vehicle who has no role in performing the dynamic driving task. A passenger may be capable of becoming a driver, but remains a passenger while the ADS drives unless the person takes over the dynamic driving task.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-passenger-d3be61be|Passenger]] [UN ADS]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Passenger" | <span id="role-passenger-d3be61be"></span>Passenger
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A passenger is an ADS user who is neither a driver nor a fallback user.
 +
| <ul><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139], ¶ 2.14.4 (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Legal and technical senses separated)</li><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024 (UK) (binding primary authority) — [https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 UN Regulation on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-passenger-c7cb246f|Passenger]] [SAE J3016]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Person Deemed the Driver" | <span id="role-person-deemed-the-driver-eb0dbdbd"></span>Person Deemed the Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="Sweden" | Sweden
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| The person who activates automated driving and is legally treated as the vehicle's driver until automated driving is deactivated. The person may be inside or outside the vehicle and is distinct from the trial permit holder.
 +
| <ul><li>Förordning (2017:309) om försöksverksamhet med automatiserade fordon, § 7 (binding primary authority; status: Temporary trial attribution rule) — [https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/forordning-2017309-om-forsoksverksamhet-med_sfs-2017-309/ Swedish automated-vehicle trial regulation]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operator-ads-attribution-2dc21cad|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Florida/Texas]<br>[[#role-operator-ads-attribution-7ec1db6c|Operator (ADS Attribution)]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-operator-5b2563eb|Operator]] [California]<br>[[#role-operator-e962c702|Operator]] [Nevada]
 +
| [[#role-responsible-person-for-permit-compliance-14154777|Responsible Person for Permit Compliance]]<br>[[#role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394|Trial Permit Holder]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Pilot Proprietor" | <span id="role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7"></span>Pilot Proprietor
 +
| data-sort-value="Hong Kong" | Hong Kong
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The pilot proprietor is the person or organization issued a pilot licence by the Commissioner for Transport. The licence authorizes a pilot scheme that may cover multiple vehicles; each pilot vehicle also requires an AV certificate.
 +
| <ul><li>Road Traffic (Autonomous Vehicles) Regulation (Cap. 374AA) (Hong Kong) (binding primary authority; status: Temporary pilot regime) — [https://www.td.gov.hk/en/public_services/taoav/index.html Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle trial framework]</li><li>Road Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 374) ss. 134–138, as amended by the Road Traffic (Amendment) (Autonomous Vehicles) Ordinance 2023 (binding primary authority) — [https://www.legco.gov.hk/yr2023/english/subleg/negative/2023ln164-e.pdf Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle legislation]</li><li>Transport Department, Code of Practice for Trial and Pilot Use of Autonomous Vehicles (1 Mar. 2024) (binding primary authority)</li><li>Legislative Council Brief, TLB CR 15/62/82019 (Dec. 2023) (official / technical material)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-passenger-services-aps-permit-holder-c552c8ad|Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)]]<br>[[#role-commercial-authorization-holder-6b610d95|Commercial Authorization Holder]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b|Deployment Permit Holder]] [California]<br>[[#role-driverless-testing-permit-holder-bf1f293d|Driverless Testing Permit Holder]] [California]<br>[[#role-road-application-pilot-entity-8e969b9f|Road-Application Pilot Entity]] [China (Beijing)]<br>[[#role-testing-permit-holder-driver-present-2fda75ef|Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present]] [California]<br>[[#role-trial-organization-5819d6ba|Trial Organization]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394|Trial Permit Holder]] [Sweden]
 +
| [[#role-backup-operator-43efb9a7|Backup Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel" | <span id="role-platform-safety-monitoring-personnel-d69665e5"></span>Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel<br><small>Chinese: 平台安全监控人员</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="China (Beijing)" | China (Beijing)
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A person who monitors vehicle operations through the safety-monitoring platform used in Beijing road-application pilots. The person issues warnings, responds to hazards and emergencies, and can take over vehicle control when prompted by platform monitoring, the system, or traffic conditions.
 +
| <ul><li>《北京市自动驾驶汽车条例》 (Beijing Autonomous Vehicles Regulation), adopted 31 Dec. 2024, eff. 1 Apr. 2025, arts. 27 (pilot qualification; personnel conditions at 27(3)), 37 (staffing and duties), 31 (accident measures and reporting), 26 (safety assessment), 44 (penalty); cf. art. 33 (manual takeover on breakdown — driver or safety officer only) and art. 32 (enterprises and individuals generally). Official texts: Beijing Municipal People’s Congress Standing Committee and Beijing Municipal Government gazette (binding primary authority; status: Enacted municipal role, effective 1 Apr. 2025) 《北京市自动驾驶汽车道路应用试点办法》 (Beijing Measures for Road Application Pilots of Autonomous Vehicles), arts. 13–15 (Oct. 2025) (official / technical material) — [https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/dfxfg/202501/t20250103_3980149.html Beijing automated-vehicle regulation]</li><li>[https://newlypossible.org/wiki/Chinese_Automated_Driving_Standards Chinese automated-driving standards map]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operator-fc00bc9d|Operator]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-remote-monitor-ad7e301d|Remote Monitor]]<br>[[#role-sao-chief-supervisor-880317ca|SAO Chief Supervisor]]<br>[[#role-technische-aufsicht-97612a0d|Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision)]]
 +
| [[#role-road-application-pilot-entity-8e969b9f|Road-Application Pilot Entity]]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-18615849|Safety Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Registered Operator" | <span id="role-registered-operator-18011995"></span>Registered Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="Australia" | Australia
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The person in whose name a vehicle is registered under Australian state or territory law. This keeper-style role is distinct from the proposed ADSE.
 +
| <ul><li>Applicable state and territory vehicle-registration laws (binding primary authority; status: Existing registration concept; proposed duty reassignment) — [https://www.infrastructure.gov.au/infrastructure-transport-vehicles/transport-strategy-policy/office-future-transport-technology/automated-vehicles Australian automated-vehicle policy]</li><li>NTC, Changing Driving Laws to Support Automated Vehicles (2017–18) and later AV reform materials (official / technical material) — [https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2018A00163/latest Australian Road Vehicle Standards Act]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-halter-a8f7804f|Halter (vehicle keeper)]]<br>[[#role-owner-ffe00841|Owner]] [Texas]<br>[[#role-owner-of-a-fully-automated-vehicle-32081c08|Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle (Croatia)]]
 +
| [[#role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8|Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Relevant Authority" | <span id="role-relevant-authority-b0d0ca19"></span>Relevant Authority
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| The public authority or body that receives specified manufacturer notifications and in-service safety reports. The UN text does not identify the institution; national implementation determines which authority performs the role.
 +
| <ul><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139], ¶¶ 5.4.3, 5.4.7.1 (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Used but not defined in adopted UN GTR text)</li><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 UN Regulation on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-in-use-regulator-34cc7307|In-Use Regulator]]
 +
| [[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote ADS Assistant" | <span id="role-remote-ads-assistant-97510739"></span>Remote ADS Assistant
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A user outside the vehicle who provides event-driven information or advice to an ADS while the ADS continues to perform the dynamic driving task and fallback. The same person may also perform separate fleet-operation functions, but ADS assistance excludes dispatch decisions about destination or trip initiation.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830|Opérateur d'intervention à distance]] [France]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-213055be|Remote Assistant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-f60553ab|Remote Intervention Operator]] [Croatia]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-6a7f664c|Remote Intervention Operator]] [EU]
 +
| [[#role-driverless-operation-dispatcher-83cc140c|Driverless Operation Dispatcher]]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-9b0391aa|Remote Driver]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Assistant" | <span id="role-remote-assistant-feb66d88"></span>Remote Assistant
 +
| data-sort-value="California" | California
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A person outside the vehicle who provides guidance or other remote support while the ADS retains continuous control of the driving function. The final 2026 rules distinguish this role from a Remote Driver and removed the proposed individual-permit requirement for assistants, while retaining manufacturer qualification, training, recordkeeping, and operational duties.
 +
| <ul><li>13 CCR arts. 3.7-3.8 and Final Statement of Reasons (effective 28 Apr. 2026) (binding regulatory text plus official rulemaking explanation) — [https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/ California autonomous-vehicle regulations]</li><li>[https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/file/final-statement-of-reasons-2025-0415-04-pdf/ California rulemaking statement]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-ads-assistant-39bf114e|ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830|Opérateur d'intervention à distance]] [France]<br>[[#role-remote-ads-assistant-97510739|Remote ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-213055be|Remote Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-f60553ab|Remote Intervention Operator]] [Croatia]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-6a7f664c|Remote Intervention Operator]] [EU]
 +
| [[#role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b|Deployment Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-driverless-testing-permit-holder-bf1f293d|Driverless Testing Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-a70a683e|Remote Driver]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Assistant" | <span id="role-remote-assistant-213055be"></span>Remote Assistant
 +
| data-sort-value="Canada" | Canada
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| The human who oversees an ACMV in the driverless stream from inside the vehicle or from another location in Ontario and is ready to provide the required oversight. First-responder contact information for the remote assistant must be displayed on driverless-stream vehicles, and the approved testing approach controls the detailed arrangement.
 +
| <ul><li>O. Reg. 161/25 and [https://www.ontario.ca/page/automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-program Ontario ACMV Pilot Program] Conditions (binding regulation plus official program conditions)</li><li>[https://www.ontario.ca/page/automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-program-conditions Ontario ACMV pilot conditions]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-ads-assistant-39bf114e|ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830|Opérateur d'intervention à distance]] [France]<br>[[#role-remote-ads-assistant-97510739|Remote ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant]] [California/SAE]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-f60553ab|Remote Intervention Operator]] [Croatia]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-6a7f664c|Remote Intervention Operator]] [European Union]
 +
| [[#role-automated-commercial-motor-vehicle-pilot-participant-9f41564c|Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant]]<br>[[#role-trial-organization-5819d6ba|Trial Organization]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Driver" | <span id="role-remote-driver-a70a683e"></span>Remote Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="California" | California
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A person outside the vehicle who is authorized and trained to perform the dynamic driving task or DDT fallback remotely for an AV operating under the applicable testing or deployment permit. Current regulations require identification, qualifications, training, records, and availability to law enforcement; the role is distinct from a Remote Assistant, who does not perform the DDT or fallback.
 +
| <ul><li>13 CCR arts. 3.7-3.8, as revised effective 28 Apr. 2026 (binding primary authority) — [https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/ California autonomous-vehicle regulations]</li><li>[https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/file/final-statement-of-reasons-2025-0415-04-pdf/ California rulemaking statement]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fernlenkende-person-4d72753c|Fernlenkende Person]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-9b0391aa|Remote Driver]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-28836be0|Remote Driver]] [SAE/Utah/Netherlands]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-68ebc18d|Remote Driver]] [Utah]<br>[[#role-remote-fallback-ready-user-4887bfd2|Remote Fallback-Ready User]] [SAE J3016]
 +
| [[#role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b|Deployment Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-driverless-testing-permit-holder-bf1f293d|Driverless Testing Permit Holder]]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Driver" | <span id="role-remote-driver-28836be0"></span>Remote Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="Netherlands" | Netherlands
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A remote human driver or supervisor authorized under a Dutch automated-vehicle experiment and its permit conditions. Despite the statute’s popular name, the scheme is not about vehicles operating without human supervision: it is built for a person outside the vehicle who can still be classified as the bestuurder, and every duty and responsibility that existing law places on a driver applies equally to a driver who is not in the vehicle.
 +
| <ul><li>Experimenteerwet zelfrijdende auto’s, amending Wegenverkeerswet 1994 arts. 149aa–149ab; cf. art. 149a and the Besluit ontheffingverlening exceptioneel vervoer (Netherlands) (binding primary authority; status: Permit-based experimental role) — [https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0006622/2025-01-01/0/HoofdstukVII/Artikel149aa Netherlands road-traffic experiments law]</li><li>Official experiment authorization materials (official / technical material) — [https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0006622/2025-01-01/0/HoofdstukVII/Artikel149aa Netherlands road-traffic experiments law]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fernlenkende-person-4d72753c|Fernlenkende Person (remotely driving person)]]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-a70a683e|Remote Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-9b0391aa|Remote Driver]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-68ebc18d|Remote Driver]] [Utah]<br>[[#role-remote-fallback-ready-user-4887bfd2|Remote Fallback-Ready User]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-human-operator-80108104|Remote Human Operator]] [Florida]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Driver" | <span id="role-remote-driver-9b0391aa"></span>Remote Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A driver who performs part or all of the DDT from outside the vehicle through remote means. The role differs from a Remote Assistant, Driverless Operation Dispatcher, and Remote Fallback-Ready User because it entails actual DDT performance.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fernlenkende-person-4d72753c|Fernlenkende Person]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-a70a683e|Remote Driver]] [California/Utah/Netherlands]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-28836be0|Remote Driver]] [Netherlands]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-68ebc18d|Remote Driver]] [Utah]
 +
| [[#role-remote-ads-assistant-97510739|Remote ADS Assistant]]<br>[[#role-remote-fallback-ready-user-4887bfd2|Remote Fallback-Ready User]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Driver" | <span id="role-remote-driver-68ebc18d"></span>Remote Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="Utah" | Utah
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A human driver who operates an automated vehicle remotely under Utah’s Automated Vehicle Act. The role is distinct from a remote assistant who does not perform the dynamic driving task.
 +
| <ul><li>Utah Code tit. 41, ch. 26 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted state role) — [https://le.utah.gov/xcode/Title41/Chapter26/C41-26-S102.1_2026050620260506.pdf Utah automated-vehicle law]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fernlenkende-person-4d72753c|Fernlenkende Person (remotely driving person)]]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-a70a683e|Remote Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-28836be0|Remote Driver]] [Netherlands]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-9b0391aa|Remote Driver]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-fallback-ready-user-4887bfd2|Remote Fallback-Ready User]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-human-operator-80108104|Remote Human Operator]] [Florida]
 +
| [[#role-driverless-operation-dispatcher-23f723ea|Driverless Operation Dispatcher]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Fallback-Ready User" | <span id="role-remote-fallback-ready-user-4887bfd2"></span>Remote Fallback-Ready User
 +
| data-sort-value="SAE J3016" | SAE J3016
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A fallback-ready user of a Level 3 ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation who is not seated in the driver’s seat. After an alert to perform the dynamic driving task, the user can become a remote driver and perform fallback by remotely operating the vehicle.
 +
| <ul><li>SAE J3016</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fallback-user-b886f11e|Fallback User]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-fernlenkende-person-4d72753c|Fernlenkende Person]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-a70a683e|Remote Driver]] [California/Utah/Netherlands]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-28836be0|Remote Driver]] [Netherlands]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-68ebc18d|Remote Driver]] [Utah]<br>[[#role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b|User-in-Charge (UiC)]] [UK]
 +
| [[#role-remote-driver-9b0391aa|Remote Driver]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Human Operator" | <span id="role-remote-human-operator-80108104"></span>Remote Human Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="Florida" | Florida
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A natural person outside an ADS-equipped vehicle who remotely engages or monitors it. The person may perform part or all of the dynamic driving task or cause a minimal-risk condition; applicable law also imposes location and driver-licensing requirements.
 +
| <ul><li>Fla. Stat. ss. 316.003 and 316.85 (binding primary authority; current remote-human-operator and ADS-operation provisions) — [https://www.leg.state.fl.us/STATUTES/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0316/Sections/0316.003.html Florida statutory definitions]</li><li>[https://www.leg.state.fl.us/STATUTES/index.cfm?App_mode=Display_Statute&URL=0300-0399/0316/Sections/0316.85.html Florida ADS operation statute]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-driver-1143c15f|Driver]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-fernlenkende-person-4d72753c|Fernlenkende Person (remotely driving person)]]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-28836be0|Remote Driver]] [Netherlands]<br>[[#role-remote-driver-68ebc18d|Remote Driver]] [Utah]
 +
| [[#role-operator-ads-attribution-2dc21cad|Operator (ADS Attribution)]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Intervention Operator" | <span id="role-remote-intervention-operator-f60553ab"></span>Remote Intervention Operator<br><small>Croatian: operator intervencije na daljinu</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Croatia" | Croatia
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A person outside the fully automated vehicle who may remotely perform the functions of the Croatian on-board operator when safe. The person does not drive the vehicle, and the ADS continues the dynamic driving task.
 +
| <ul><li>Croatian Road Safety Act definition 113 and art. 281.c, as amended by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force from Dec. 2024) — [https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2024_12_145_2377.html Croatian automated-driving law]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830|Opérateur d'Intervention à Distance]]<br>[[#role-remote-ads-assistant-97510739|Remote ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant / Remote ADS Assistant]]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-213055be|Remote Assistant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-6a7f664c|Remote Intervention Operator]]
 +
| [[#role-owner-of-a-fully-automated-vehicle-32081c08|Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Intervention Operator" | <span id="role-remote-intervention-operator-6a7f664c"></span>Remote Intervention Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="European Union" | European Union
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A person outside a fully automated vehicle who may remotely perform the limited tasks assigned to an on-board operator when it is safe to do so. The person can request or confirm specified actions but does not drive the vehicle; the ADS continues to perform the dynamic driving task.
 +
| <ul><li>Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1426, consolidated 24 Mar. 2026 (binding primary authority; status: EU type-approval role; consolidated 24 Mar. 2026) — [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R1426 EU Regulation 2022/1426]</li><li>Croatian Road Safety Act, definition 113 and art. 281.c, as amended by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority) — [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R1426 EU Regulation 2022/1426]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-ads-assistant-39bf114e|ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830|Opérateur d'Intervention à Distance]]<br>[[#role-remote-ads-assistant-97510739|Remote ADS Assistant]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-feb66d88|Remote Assistant / Remote ADS Assistant]]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-213055be|Remote Assistant]] [Canada]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-f60553ab|Remote Intervention Operator]] [Croatia]
 +
| [[#role-transport-service-operator-67a6f1b1|Transport Service Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Remote Monitor" | <span id="role-remote-monitor-ad7e301d"></span>Remote Monitor
 +
| data-sort-value="Generic" | Generic
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only remote)" | Human (only remote)
 +
| A human who observes automated vehicle operations from a distance — typically many vehicles at once via a fleet interface — and escalates or alerts without directly commanding maneuvers or performing the DDT. The most passive of the remote roles: watching rather than advising (remote assistant) or controlling (remote driver).
 +
| <ul><li>Generic comparative role used to distinguish observation from remote assistance, intervention, and driving. — [https://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blog/2022/05/remote-driving/ On Remote Driving]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operator-fc00bc9d|Operator]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-platform-safety-monitoring-personnel-d69665e5|Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel (Beijing)]]<br>[[#role-sao-chief-supervisor-880317ca|SAO Chief Supervisor]]<br>[[#role-technische-aufsicht-97612a0d|Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision)]]
 +
| [[#role-fleet-operator-902414c2|Fleet Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Responsible Person for Permit Compliance" | <span id="role-responsible-person-for-permit-compliance-14154777"></span>Responsible Person for Permit Compliance
 +
| data-sort-value="Sweden" | Sweden
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A natural person approved by the Swedish Transport Agency within a legal-person trial operator and responsible for ensuring that the activity is conducted in accordance with the permit.
 +
| <ul><li>Förordning (2017:309) om försöksverksamhet med automatiserade fordon, s. 6 (binding primary authority) — [https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/forordning-2017309-om-forsoksverksamhet-med_sfs-2017-309/ Swedish automated-vehicle trial regulation]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-executive-officer-87a1daac|Executive Officer]] [Australia]<br>[[#role-nominated-individual-acc58b0c|Nominated Individual]] [UK]<br>[[#role-specified-person-44b58c10|Specified Person]] [Singapore]
 +
| [[#role-person-deemed-the-driver-eb0dbdbd|Person Deemed the Driver]]<br>[[#role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394|Trial Permit Holder]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Responsible Person in the Owner Entity" | <span id="role-responsible-person-in-the-owner-entity-ddd7ca19"></span>Responsible Person in the Owner Entity
 +
| data-sort-value="Croatia" | Croatia
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A responsible natural person within the legal-person owner of a fully automated vehicle. The 2024 amendments give the responsible person, or a person authorized by that person, access to specified stored vehicle data and video; they also impose personal administrative penalties for violations of the data and video duties.
 +
| <ul><li>Croatian Road Safety Act arts. 281.e–281.f, as amended by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted corporate-accountability role) — [https://narodne-novine.nn.hr/clanci/sluzbeni/full/2024_12_145_2377.html Croatian automated-driving law]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-executive-officer-87a1daac|Executive Officer]]<br>[[#role-nominated-individual-acc58b0c|Nominated Individual (UK)]]<br>[[#role-senior-manager-210a5506|Senior Manager (UK)]]
 +
| [[#role-owner-of-a-fully-automated-vehicle-32081c08|Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Road-Application Pilot Entity" | <span id="role-road-application-pilot-entity-8e969b9f"></span>Road-Application Pilot Entity<br><small>Chinese: 道路应用试点主体</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="China (Beijing)" | China (Beijing)
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| The entity approved to conduct a Beijing autonomous-vehicle road-application pilot. It must demonstrate operating and liability-bearing capability, cybersecurity and data-security safeguards, a compliant vehicle safety assessment, qualified personnel, and complete operating, safety-assurance, and emergency-handling plans.
 +
| <ul><li>Beijing Autonomous Vehicles Regulation arts. 27-29, 36-37 and 44-46; Beijing Road-Application Pilot Measures (binding municipal legislation and official implementing measures) — [https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/dfxfg/202501/t20250103_3980149.html Beijing automated-vehicle regulation]</li><li>[https://jtw.beijing.gov.cn/fzjt/flfg/gfxwj/202603/t20260317_4559553.html Beijing road-application pilot measures]</li><li>[https://newlypossible.org/wiki/Chinese_Automated_Driving_Standards Chinese automated-driving standards map]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-use-subject-987e4410|Use Subject]] [China national pilot]
 +
| [[#role-platform-safety-monitoring-personnel-d69665e5|Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel]]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-18615849|Safety Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Road-Safety Agent" | <span id="role-road-safety-agent-9b012d2e"></span>Road-Safety Agent
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A human who directs traffic, enforces traffic laws, responds to traffic incidents, or performs more than one of those functions. The term therefore covers both traffic-control and emergency-response roles whose instructions an ADS may need to detect and follow.
 +
| <ul><li>UN GTR on ADS ¶¶ 2.21.1–2.21.2, 4.1.2.5, 4.1.2.11, 4.1.3.3.2; Annex 4 ¶ 3.5.2(f) ([https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139]) (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN category; final editorial numbering check)</li><li>Parallel UN ADS Regulation (adopted June 2026; [https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137]; final number pending official publication) (UN Regulation under the 1958 Agreement; binding on Contracting Parties applying it)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-first-responder-c2132b8f|First Responder]]<br>[[#role-traffic-controller-6b40ab14|Traffic Controller]]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Safety Driver" | <span id="role-safety-driver-7fd2b3d4"></span>Safety Driver
 +
| data-sort-value="Singapore" | Singapore
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| A human required by a Singapore autonomous-motor-vehicle trial or special-use authorization to monitor the vehicle from inside it and take over operation if necessary. The framework authorizes the Land Transport Authority to impose the role as a condition rather than defining one universal set of duties.
 +
| <ul><li>Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017 (Singapore), rr. 7-10 (binding primary authority; authorization-condition role) — [https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/RTA1961-S464-2017 Singapore autonomous-motor-vehicle rules]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-backup-operator-43efb9a7|Backup Operator (Hong Kong)]]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-18615849|Safety Operator]]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-94878ad6|Safety Operator]] [China (national)]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-8fa8cfb2|Safety Operator]] [China (Shenzhen)]
 +
| [[#role-specified-person-44b58c10|Specified Person]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Safety Management System Auditor" | <span id="role-safety-management-system-auditor-5d699ea6"></span>Safety Management System Auditor
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The auditor or audit team that examines the manufacturer’s Safety Management System. The UN text requires auditors to have the technical and administrative knowledge necessary for the audit, demonstrated through appropriate qualifications or equivalent training records.
 +
| <ul><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139], ¶ 6.1.4 (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN assurance function)</li><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 UN Regulation on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-organisme-qualifie-agree-oqa-190f5b3d|Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)]] [France]
 +
| [[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]]<br>[[#role-safety-case-reviewer-49da5fa6|Safety-Case Reviewer]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Safety Operator" | <span id="role-safety-operator-18615849"></span>Safety Operator<br><small>Chinese: 安全员</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="China (Beijing)" | China (Beijing)
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A human assigned by a Beijing road-application pilot entity to monitor an automated vehicle, address operational hazards and incidents, and perform any required takeover or intervention under the pilot plan and municipal rules.
 +
| <ul><li>Beijing Autonomous Vehicles Regulation, including arts. 31, 33 and 37 (binding municipal legislation) — [https://www.beijing.gov.cn/zhengce/dfxfg/202501/t20250103_3980149.html Beijing automated-vehicle regulation]</li><li>[https://newlypossible.org/wiki/Chinese_Automated_Driving_Standards Chinese automated-driving standards map]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-backup-operator-43efb9a7|Backup Operator]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-safety-driver-7fd2b3d4|Safety Driver]] [Singapore]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-c5faef16|Safety Operator]] [Singapore]
 +
| [[#role-platform-safety-monitoring-personnel-d69665e5|Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel]]<br>[[#role-road-application-pilot-entity-8e969b9f|Road-Application Pilot Entity]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Safety Operator" | <span id="role-safety-operator-94878ad6"></span>Safety Operator<br><small>Chinese: 安全员</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="China (national)" | China (national)
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A human assigned under the national ICV access and on-road pilot to monitor vehicle operation, respond to unsafe conditions or incidents, and take over or otherwise intervene as required by the approved pilot arrangement.
 +
| <ul><li>Four-ministry [https://www.miit.gov.cn/jgsj/zbys/wjfb/art/2023/art_4a67648dc58e483bab554f97045a8579.html Notice on ICV Access and On-Road Pilot Work] and Implementation Guide (Trial), 17 Nov. 2023 (official national pilot instrument)</li><li>[https://newlypossible.org/wiki/Chinese_Automated_Driving_Standards Chinese automated-driving standards map]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-backup-operator-43efb9a7|Backup Operator]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-safety-driver-7fd2b3d4|Safety Driver]] [Singapore]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-c5faef16|Safety Operator]] [Singapore]
 +
| [[#role-use-subject-987e4410|Use Subject]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Safety Operator" | <span id="role-safety-operator-8fa8cfb2"></span>Safety Operator<br><small>Chinese: 安全员</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="China (Shenzhen)" | China (Shenzhen)
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A human assigned under Shenzhen's local intelligent-and-connected-vehicle regime to monitor testing or demonstration operation and take the safety actions required by the approved local plan and operating conditions.
 +
| <ul><li>Shenzhen Special Economic Zone Regulation on the Administration of Intelligent and Connected Vehicles (2026 consolidated text) (binding municipal legislation) — [https://www.sz.gov.cn/zfgb/2026/gb1418/content/post_12873301.html Shenzhen ICV regulation]</li><li>[https://newlypossible.org/wiki/Chinese_Automated_Driving_Standards Chinese automated-driving standards map]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-backup-operator-43efb9a7|Backup Operator]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-safety-driver-7fd2b3d4|Safety Driver]] [Singapore]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-c5faef16|Safety Operator]] [Singapore]
 +
| —
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Safety Operator" | <span id="role-safety-operator-c5faef16"></span>Safety Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="Singapore" | Singapore
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A qualified person who may be required by an authorization to monitor an autonomous motor vehicle and take over its operation if necessary. Unlike the Safety Driver condition, the Rules do not require this role to be seated in the vehicle; the authorization supplies the operational detail.
 +
| <ul><li>Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017, r. 9(2)(c) (binding primary authority; authorization-condition role) — [https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/RTA1961-S464-2017 Singapore autonomous-motor-vehicle rules]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]] [California]<br>[[#role-backup-operator-43efb9a7|Backup Operator]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-94878ad6|Safety Operator]] [China (national)]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-8fa8cfb2|Safety Operator]] [China (Shenzhen)]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-18615849|Safety Operator]] [China]
 +
| [[#role-specified-person-44b58c10|Specified Person]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Safety-Case Reviewer" | <span id="role-safety-case-reviewer-49da5fa6"></span>Safety-Case Reviewer
 +
| data-sort-value="UN Regulation / GTR on ADS" | UN Regulation / GTR on ADS
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The person or team that reviews the manufacturer’s safety case before certification or approval. As part of demonstrating compliance with the safety-assurance requirements, the manufacturer shall review its safety case prior to certification or approval, and is encouraged to do so during development.
 +
| <ul><li>UN GTR on ADS ¶¶ 5.3.4.1–5.3.4.5, 6.3.1.4(h) ([https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139]) (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN text; final editorial numbering check)</li><li>Parallel UN ADS Regulation (adopted June 2026; [https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137 ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137]; final number pending official publication) (UN Regulation under the 1958 Agreement; binding on Contracting Parties applying it)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-organisme-qualifie-agree-oqa-190f5b3d|Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)]] [France]
 +
| [[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]]<br>[[#role-safety-management-system-auditor-5d699ea6|Safety Management System Auditor]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="SAO Chief Supervisor" | <span id="role-sao-chief-supervisor-880317ca"></span>SAO Chief Supervisor<br><small>Japanese: 特定自動運行主任者</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Japan" | Japan
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A person who supervises specified automated operation remotely or from aboard the vehicle and assumes driver-related safety duties when no driver is present. The supervisor directs incident handling and coordinates the on-site response operator.
 +
| <ul><li>道路交通法 (Road Traffic Act, Japan) arts. 75-19, 75-21, as amended by Act No. 32 of 2022 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=335AC0000000105 Japanese Road Traffic Act]</li><li>National Police Agency, Summary of the Level 4 (SAO) Permit System (2022) (official / technical material) — [https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/traffic/selfdriving/L4-summary.pdf Japanese Level 4 automated-operation guidance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operator-fc00bc9d|Operator]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-platform-safety-monitoring-personnel-d69665e5|Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel (Beijing)]]<br>[[#role-remote-monitor-ad7e301d|Remote Monitor]]<br>[[#role-technische-aufsicht-97612a0d|Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision)]]
 +
| [[#role-on-site-response-operator-17f6beac|On-Site Response Operator]]<br>[[#role-sao-implementer-363ba981|SAO Implementer]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="SAO Implementer" | <span id="role-sao-implementer-363ba981"></span>SAO Implementer<br><small>Japanese: 特定自動運行実施者</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Japan" | Japan
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The specified automated operation implementer (特定自動運行実施者) is the person that obtains a permit from the Prefectural Public Safety Commission to conduct specified automated operation. The implementer submits and follows the operation plan; designates a chief supervisor and, when required, an on-site response operator; educates designated personnel; keeps records; implements accident measures; and maintains required insurance.
 +
| <ul><li>道路交通法 (Road Traffic Act, Japan) arts. 75-12 to 75-26, as amended by Act No. 32 of 2022 (in force 1 Apr. 2023) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://elaws.e-gov.go.jp/document?lawid=335AC0000000105 Japanese Road Traffic Act]</li><li>National Police Agency, 特定自動運行に係る許可制度の創設について (June 2022) (official / technical material) — [https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/traffic/selfdriving/L4-summary.pdf Japanese Level 4 automated-operation guidance]</li><li>Commentary concerning whether the implementer is functionally analogous to a driver (secondary / analytical source)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8|Automated Driving Provider (ADP)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8|Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)]]<br>[[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]<br>[[#role-use-subject-987e4410|Use Subject]]
 +
| [[#role-on-site-response-operator-17f6beac|On-Site Response Operator]]<br>[[#role-sao-chief-supervisor-880317ca|SAO Chief Supervisor]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Second Responder" | <span id="role-second-responder-8b0bdee5"></span>Second Responder
 +
| data-sort-value="Generic" | Generic
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| Tow and recovery operators, roadside-assistance personnel, hazmat cleanup crews, and others who arrive after the immediate emergency phase to clear, recover, or repair vehicles and restore the roadway. No examined framework defines their authority over an automated vehicle: who may lawfully direct, move, disable, or tow an ADS-equipped vehicle — and how the vehicle or its remote supervision must respond — is governed today by operator protocols rather than statute.
 +
| <ul><li>Generic incident-recovery role; German road-traffic law provides an illustrative framework for post-incident operational duties. — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvg/ German Road Traffic Act]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-on-site-response-operator-17f6beac|On-Site Response Operator]]
 +
| [[#role-first-responder-c2132b8f|First Responder]]<br>[[#role-fleet-operator-902414c2|Fleet Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Senior Manager" | <span id="role-senior-manager-210a5506"></span>Senior Manager
 +
| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A senior manager of a regulated body who may be personally liable for an offence committed with the manager's consent or connivance. This is an offence-attribution role, not a general operational office or a nominated individual.
 +
| <ul><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024, § 27 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted offense-liability rule) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/10/contents UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024]</li><li>[https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/439/contents/made UK automated-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-executive-officer-87a1daac|Executive Officer]] [Australia]<br>[[#role-responsible-person-in-the-owner-entity-ddd7ca19|Responsible Person in the Owner Entity]] [Croatia]
 +
| [[#role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043|Licensed NUiC Operator]]<br>[[#role-nominated-individual-acc58b0c|Nominated Individual]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Specified Person" | <span id="role-specified-person-44b58c10"></span>Specified Person
 +
| data-sort-value="Singapore" | Singapore
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The natural person or body corporate nominated in an application as the point of contact for an approved trial or special use. The Specified Person handles prescribed applications, documents, liaison, records, maintenance, incident notification, and other duties under Part 3 of the Rules.
 +
| <ul><li>Road Traffic (Autonomous Motor Vehicles) Rules 2017, rr. 2, 5-6 and 16-20 (binding primary authority) — [https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/RTA1961-S464-2017 Singapore autonomous-motor-vehicle rules]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-nominated-individual-acc58b0c|Nominated Individual]] [UK]<br>[[#role-responsible-person-for-permit-compliance-14154777|Responsible Person]] [Croatia]
 +
| [[#role-safety-driver-7fd2b3d4|Safety Driver]]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-c5faef16|Safety Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="STRA Operator" | <span id="role-stra-operator-1af07ac4"></span>STRA Operator<br><small>French: Exploitant</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="France" | France
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| A natural or legal person that operates an automated road transport system, either directly or at the service organizer's request, and manages and maintains it. The same entity may also be the service organizer or system designer; when there are multiple operators, Exploitant denotes the lead operator. French freight rules use the same role for automated freight systems.
 +
| <ul><li>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000043735946 Code des transports art. R. 3151-1(13)] (passenger STRA definition)</li><li>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000050664383 Code des transports art. R. 3251-2(5)] (freight STRA definition)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8|Automated Driving Provider (ADP)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8|Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)]]<br>[[#role-sao-implementer-363ba981|SAO Implementer]]<br>[[#role-use-subject-987e4410|Use Subject]]
 +
| [[#role-encadrant-d-intervention-a-distance-4707a077|Encadrant d'intervention à distance]]<br>[[#role-operateur-d-intervention-a-distance-38151830|Opérateur d'intervention à distance]]<br>[[#role-organisateur-du-service-d2a1d37a|Organisateur du service]]<br>[[#role-organisme-qualifie-agree-oqa-190f5b3d|Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)]]<br>[[#role-system-designer-b1953c84|System Designer]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="System Designer" | <span id="role-system-designer-b1953c84"></span>System Designer<br><small>French: concepteur du système technique</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="France" | France
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The natural or legal person responsible for the design of the technical system used in a STRA. The designer prepares and maintains technical and safety documentation and interfaces with the service organizer, STRA operator, manufacturer, and OQA; one organization may occupy more than one role if the legal responsibilities remain clear.
 +
| <ul><li>Code des transports arts. R. 3151-1 ff.; Décrets nos. 2021-873 and 2024-1063 (binding primary authority) — [https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000043729532 French STRA decree]</li><li>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000050662872 French 2024 STRA decree]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-hersteller-3e8eeccd|Hersteller]] [Germany]<br>[[#role-manufacturer-644d113f|Manufacturer]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356|Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology]] [California]
 +
| [[#role-organisateur-du-service-d2a1d37a|Organisateur du service]]<br>[[#role-organisme-qualifie-agree-oqa-190f5b3d|Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)]]<br>[[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Technical Service" | <span id="role-technical-service-8df5b955"></span>Technical Service
 +
| data-sort-value="UNECE 1958 Agreement" | UNECE 1958 Agreement
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| A body designated under the 1958 Agreement/type-approval system to carry out tests, inspections, or assessments on behalf of an approval authority. In the ADS materials, a residual GTR reference to ‘the approval authority or its designated technical service’ should be read against that type-approval background.
 +
| <ul><li>[https://unece.org/about-vehicle-regulations UNECE 1958 Agreement] concerning the adoption of harmonized UN vehicle regulations and reciprocal recognition of approvals (binding treaty framework for Contracting Parties)</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-assessor-competent-personnel-3c12ddcb|Assessor / Competent Personnel]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-organisme-qualifie-agree-oqa-190f5b3d|Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)]] [France]
 +
| [[#role-approval-authority-7a850706|Approval Authority]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Technische Aufsicht" | <span id="role-technische-aufsicht-97612a0d"></span>Technische Aufsicht<br><small>English: technical supervision</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Germany" | Germany
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A natural person who supervises an automated vehicle and can approve defined alternative manoeuvres or deactivate the automated function without continuously performing the driving task. German law defines the role by these functions, not by the person's location, so the approved arrangement may be remote or in-vehicle.
 +
| <ul><li>StVG §§ 1d(3), 1e(2) no. 4, 1e(3), 1f(1)–(3) (Germany) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/stvg/ German Road Traffic Act]</li><li>AFGBV § 14 (2022), as amended by Act of 12 May 2026 (BGBl. 2026 I Nr. 142) (binding primary authority) — [https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/afgbv/ German Autonomous Vehicles Approval and Operation Ordinance]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-operator-fc00bc9d|Operator]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-platform-safety-monitoring-personnel-d69665e5|Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel (Beijing)]]<br>[[#role-remote-monitor-ad7e301d|Remote Monitor]]<br>[[#role-sao-chief-supervisor-880317ca|SAO Chief Supervisor]]
 +
| [[#role-fahrzeugfuhrer-0005572c|Fahrzeugführer]]<br>[[#role-halter-a8f7804f|Halter]]<br>[[#role-hersteller-3e8eeccd|Hersteller]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present" | <span id="role-testing-permit-holder-driver-present-2fda75ef"></span>Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present
 +
| data-sort-value="California" | California
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| A manufacturer or other eligible entity holding a California permit to test autonomous vehicles with a qualified test driver present as required by the applicable permit. The holder must satisfy permit-specific testing, driver, financial-responsibility, collision-reporting, and recordkeeping requirements.
 +
| <ul><li>Cal. Veh. Code § 38750; 13 CCR art. 3.7 (binding primary authority; status: Regulatory permit) — [https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?lawCode=VEH&sectionNum=38750 California Vehicle Code]</li><li>California DMV autonomous-vehicle permit materials (official / technical material) — [https://www.dmv.ca.gov/portal/vehicle-industry-services/autonomous-vehicles/california-autonomous-vehicle-regulations/ California autonomous-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-passenger-services-aps-permit-holder-c552c8ad|Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)]]<br>[[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394|Trial Permit Holder]] [Sweden]
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-test-driver-55325ba5|Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver]]<br>[[#role-manufacturer-of-autonomous-technology-e1fb5356|Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology]]<br>[[#role-operator-5b2563eb|Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Traffic Controller" | <span id="role-traffic-controller-6b40ab14"></span>Traffic Controller
 +
| data-sort-value="Generic" | Generic
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| Traffic controller is a generic label for a person who lawfully directs traffic or provides external instructions. Depending on the instrument, the person may be treated as a road-safety agent, law-enforcement officer, road worker, or other road user.
 +
| <ul><li>Generic road-safety actor; the UN ADS instruments provide an official framework-specific comparison. — [https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 UN GTR on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-road-safety-agent-9b012d2e|Road-Safety Agent]] [UN ADS]
 +
| [[#role-first-responder-c2132b8f|First Responder]]<br>[[#role-vulnerable-road-user-6537132d|Vulnerable Road User]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Transport Service Operator" | <span id="role-transport-service-operator-67a6f1b1"></span>Transport Service Operator
 +
| data-sort-value="European Union" | European Union
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| The entity that provides a transport service using one or more fully automated vehicles. It carries the operational duties assigned to the service side of an EU type-approved system, including instructions, restrictions, incident response, and coordination with the manufacturer and on-board or remote personnel.
 +
| <ul><li>Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1426, consolidated 24 Mar. 2026, art. 2(35), Annex II §§ 11.1, 11.3–11.4, 11.7, Annex III Part 2 § 5.4.1 (binding primary authority; status: EU type-approval role; consolidated 24 Mar. 2026) — [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R1426 EU Regulation 2022/1426]</li><li>Regulation (EU) 2019/2144, art. 11 (binding primary authority) — [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex%3A32022R1426 EU Regulation 2022/1426]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-fleet-operator-902414c2|Fleet Operator]]<br>[[#role-licensed-nuic-operator-e0b0a043|Licensed NUiC Operator]]<br>[[#role-organisateur-du-service-d2a1d37a|Organisateur du service (France)]]
 +
| [[#role-on-board-operator-8bcddb28|On-Board Operator]]<br>[[#role-remote-intervention-operator-6a7f664c|Remote Intervention Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Trial Organization" | <span id="role-trial-organization-5819d6ba"></span>Trial Organization
 +
| data-sort-value="Canada" | Canada
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The organization conducting an ADS trial in Canada. Transport Canada's Version 2.0 testing guidelines recommend validation, safety assessment, route and weather controls, trained safety drivers or remote-operation personnel, passenger protections, first-responder engagement, incident practices, and coordination with provincial or territorial authorities.
 +
| <ul><li>Transport Canada, Guidelines for Testing Automated Driving Systems in Canada, Version 2.0 (official guidance; voluntary unless adopted as a condition) — [https://tc.canada.ca/en/road-transportation/innovative-technologies/connected-automated-vehicles/guidelines-testing-automated-driving-systems-canada Transport Canada ADS testing guidelines]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394|Trial Permit Holder]] [Sweden]
 +
| [[#role-driver-ab4023ad|Driver]]<br>[[#role-remote-assistant-213055be|Remote Assistant]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Trial Permit Holder" | <span id="role-trial-permit-holder-aae67394"></span>Trial Permit Holder<br><small>Swedish: tillståndshavare</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="Sweden" | Sweden
 +
| data-sort-value="Human or Entity" | Human or Entity
 +
| The permit holder is the person authorized to conduct automated-vehicle trials. The permit holder is responsible for safe conduct, allocation of responsibilities, required reporting, and accident notification.
 +
| <ul><li>Förordning (2017:309) om försöksverksamhet med automatiserade fordon, §§ 6–7 (Sweden) (binding primary authority; status: Temporary trial regime) — [https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/forordning-2017309-om-forsoksverksamhet-med_sfs-2017-309/ Swedish automated-vehicle trial regulation]</li><li>Transportstyrelsens föreskrifter TSFS 2021:4, as amended (binding primary authority) — [https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/forordning-2017309-om-forsoksverksamhet-med_sfs-2017-309/ Swedish automated-vehicle trial regulation]</li><li>SOU 2016:28 (preparatory history) (official / technical material) — [https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/dokument/svensk-forfattningssamling/forordning-2017309-om-forsoksverksamhet-med_sfs-2017-309/ Swedish automated-vehicle trial regulation]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-automated-passenger-services-aps-permit-holder-c552c8ad|Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)]]<br>[[#role-deployment-permit-holder-2b3d698b|Deployment Permit Holder]] [California]<br>[[#role-driverless-testing-permit-holder-bf1f293d|Driverless Testing Permit Holder]] [California]<br>[[#role-pilot-proprietor-38e69fa7|Pilot Proprietor]] [Hong Kong]<br>[[#role-testing-permit-holder-driver-present-2fda75ef|Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present]] [California]<br>[[#role-trial-organization-5819d6ba|Trial Organization]] [Canada]
 +
| [[#role-person-deemed-the-driver-eb0dbdbd|Person Deemed the Driver]]<br>[[#role-responsible-person-for-permit-compliance-14154777|Responsible Person for Permit Compliance]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Use Subject" | <span id="role-use-subject-987e4410"></span>Use Subject<br><small>Chinese: 使用主体</small>
 +
| data-sort-value="China (national)" | China (national)
 +
| data-sort-value="Entity" | Entity
 +
| The 使用主体 (use subject) is the operating-side member of the consortium used in China's national ICV access and on-road pilot. An automobile manufacturer and a use subject apply jointly with host-city and provincial support.
 +
| <ul><li>MIIT, MPS, MOHURD and MOT, [https://www.miit.gov.cn/jgsj/zbys/wjfb/art/2023/art_4a67648dc58e483bab554f97045a8579.html Notice on ICV Access and On-Road Pilot Work], 17 Nov. 2023, with Implementation Guide (Trial) (official national pilot instrument)</li><li>[https://newlypossible.org/wiki/Chinese_Automated_Driving_Standards Chinese automated-driving standards map]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-provider-adp-256119f8|Automated Driving Provider (ADP)]]<br>[[#role-automated-driving-system-entity-adse-f9818ae8|Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)]]<br>[[#role-road-application-pilot-entity-8e969b9f|Road-Application Pilot Entity]] [China (Beijing)]<br>[[#role-sao-implementer-363ba981|SAO Implementer]]<br>[[#role-stra-operator-1af07ac4|STRA Operator]]
 +
| [[#role-automobile-manufacturer-pilot-consortium-93a764f5|Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium)]]<br>[[#role-safety-operator-94878ad6|Safety Operator]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="User-in-Charge (UiC)" | <span id="role-user-in-charge-uic-25e9a60b"></span>User-in-Charge (UiC)
 +
| data-sort-value="United Kingdom" | United Kingdom
 +
| data-sort-value="Human (only in-vehicle)" | Human (only in-vehicle)
 +
| The individual associated with an authorised user-in-charge feature. While that feature drives, the UiC is generally protected from offences arising from the manner of driving but retains other driver-related duties and must be qualified and ready to respond to a transition demand.
 +
| <ul><li>Automated Vehicles Act 2024, c. 10, §§ 7, 46–50, 53–54 (UK) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted; full authorised-vehicle regime not yet fully commenced) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2024/10/contents UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024]</li><li>Law Comm'ns Joint Report, Law Com. No. 404, ch. 8 (Jan. 2022) (official / technical material) — [https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2026/439/contents/made UK automated-vehicle regulations]</li></ul>
 +
| [[#role-autonomous-vehicle-driver-eb9577df|Autonomous Vehicle Driver]] [South Korea]<br>[[#role-driver-380749d1|Driver]] [France]<br>[[#role-driver-2f53bd34|Driver]] [Switzerland]<br>[[#role-driver-1a0b9902|Driver]] [UN Road Traffic Conventions (1949/1968)]<br>[[#role-fallback-user-b886f11e|Fallback User]] [UN ADS]<br>[[#role-fallback-ready-user-fru-00a2939b|Fallback-Ready User (FRU)]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-in-vehicle-fallback-ready-user-9e6e6f07|In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User]] [SAE J3016]<br>[[#role-remote-fallback-ready-user-4887bfd2|Remote Fallback-Ready User]] [SAE J3016]
 +
| [[#role-authorised-self-driving-entity-asde-d43383b0|Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)]]
 +
|-
 +
| data-sort-value="Vulnerable Road User" | <span id="role-vulnerable-road-user-6537132d"></span>Vulnerable Road User
 +
| data-sort-value="Generic" | Generic
 +
| data-sort-value="Human" | Human
 +
| A human road user exposed to elevated injury risk because they lack a protective vehicle structure or use a powered two-wheeler. The category includes pedestrians and cyclists and can overlap with operational roles; for example, a human traffic controller working in the roadway can also be a vulnerable road user.
 +
| <ul><li>Regulation (EU) 2019/2144, art. 3; UN ADS GTR road-user requirements (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139) — [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2019/2144/oj/eng EU General Safety Regulation]</li><li>[https://docs.un.org/en/ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139 UN GTR on ADS]</li></ul>
 +
| —
 +
| [[#role-first-responder-c2132b8f|First Responder]]<br>[[#role-traffic-controller-6b40ab14|Traffic Controller]]
 +
|}

Revision as of 06:47, 24 August 2026

This page provides a glossary of terms related to roles -- of humans and entities in automated driving systems.

Semantic Map

You can also view an interactive semantic map of these terms.

Cross-Cutting Concepts

Driver

Driver is not a universal unitary role. The UN road-traffic conventions begin with a human who drives, while article 34 bis of the 1968 Convention treats the driver requirement as satisfied during compliant automated driving system (ADS) operation without declaring the ADS to be a driver. SAE J3016 distinguishes in-vehicle and remote drivers from fallback-ready users. Germany retains Fahrzeugführer, France permits delegated driving subject to conditions, Canada’s ACMV pilot allocates driver duties within its supervised stream, and Switzerland’s motorway-pilot regime preserves a driver ready to resume control. US FMVSS generally defines driver by reference to a human occupant, but NHTSA’s fact-specific 2016 Google interpretation treated the Self-Driving System as the driver for the described vehicle design. Each framework-specific use remains a separate table entry.

Operator

Operator may denote a human exercising control, an organization responsible for a service or fleet, a permit holder, or a legal attribution to the ADS. California regulates the person operating or causing an autonomous vehicle to operate and separately licenses manufacturers and permit holders. France distinguishes the STRA operator from the transport-service organizer and remote-intervention personnel. Switzerland, Nevada, Canada, Croatia, the European Union, and Singapore assign different operational functions. Florida and Texas expressly treat the engaged ADS as the operator for limited traffic-law purposes while preserving responsibility elsewhere. The table therefore avoids a single master definition.

User

User is an umbrella term for a variety of human relationships to an ADS rather than one distinct operational role. SAE J3016 treats driver, passenger, fallback-ready user, driverless operation dispatcher, and ADS assistant as mutually exclusive user-role categories at a given time. The UN ADS framework uses ADS user as a human-only umbrella covering occupant, driver, fallback user, and passenger. The specific roles remain in the table; User itself does not.

Remote facilitator

Remote facilitator is used here as an umbrella term for a human who supports or affects vehicle operation from outside the vehicle, whether by driving, fallback, intervention, assistance, monitoring, supervision, or dispatch. A Remote Driver performs at least part of the dynamic driving task; a Remote ADS Assistant or framework-specific Remote Assistant supplies information or advice performing the dynamic driving task (at least ostensibly); a Remote Monitor observes; a Remote Fallback-Ready User performs fallback; and a Remote Intervention Operator supplies commands within a defined intervention function. Frameworks draw these boundaries differently.

Safety driver and safety operator

Safety driver and safety operator are testing or authorization roles. A safety driver normally occupies a driving position and can take over the dynamic driving task; a safety operator may monitor or intervene from another position or remotely, depending on the instrument. Singapore’s current rules distinguish a qualified safety driver from a safety operator and allow authorization-specific conditions. China uses 安全员 in national and local pilot rules, while California uses autonomous-vehicle test driver and remote driver terminology. The table preserves those jurisdictional choices rather than normalizing them into one label.

Owner, keeper, and registered operator

Owner, keeper, and registered operator describe roles for which property, registration, and operational responsibility do not necessarily coincide. Germany’s Halter is the person who keeps the vehicle for their own account and controls its use; Australia’s registered operator is a registration-law status; Croatia assigns specified duties to the owner of a fully automated vehicle; Texas places traffic-law responsibility on the owner while deeming the ADS the operator; and other frameworks allocate duties to permit holders, fleet operators, or service operators. These entries should be compared functionally, not treated as translations.

Permit holder, participant, and responsible person

Permit holder, participant, and responsible person are roles to which trial and deployment regimes frequently attach duties instead of assigning those duties to a generic operator. California has separate testing-with-driver, driverless-testing, and deployment permit holders; Canada uses an ACMV-pilot participant; Hong Kong uses pilot proprietor; Sweden uses trial permit holder and a person deemed the driver; the UK uses ASDE and APS permit structures; China uses manufacturer/use-subject or local pilot-entity arrangements; and Texas provides for commercial authorization. The approval instrument may add conditions that are as important as the general legislation. ```

Table of Framework-Specific Concepts

Roles in Automated Driving
Term / Role Framework Role Type Brief Description Primary Source(s) and URL(s) Similar Terms
(other frameworks)		 Complementary Terms
ADS Assistant SAE J3016 Human A user who supplies event-driven information or advice to an ADS that is performing the dynamic driving task so the trip can continue. The assistant does not perform the dynamic driving task or fallback; assistance can include revised tactical goals, interpretation of human traffic control, and communication with first responders.
  • SAE J3016
 Opérateur d'intervention à distance [France]
Remote Assistant [Canada]
Remote Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote Intervention Operator [EU] 		Driverless Operation Dispatcher
Approval Authority UNECE 1958 Agreement Entity The competent authority that grants, refuses, extends, suspends, or withdraws type approval on behalf of a Contracting Party. It may act directly or through the national arrangements allowed by the type-approval system.
  • UNECE 1958 Agreement concerning the adoption of harmonized UN vehicle regulations and reciprocal recognition of approvals (binding treaty framework for Contracting Parties)
 First-Supply Regulator [Australia] Technical Service
Assessor / Competent Personnel UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human Personnel assigned to assess test environments, the safety case, post-deployment safety, and related compliance evidence. The UN ADS text distributes these functions across assessors and ‘competent personnel’ rather than defining one universal office. Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA) [France]
Technical Service [UNECE 1958 Agreement] 		Manufacturer
Authorised Automated Vehicle Incident Inspector United Kingdom Human A person authorised to investigate incidents involving authorised automated vehicles. The inspector seeks to identify, understand, and reduce safety failings rather than determine civil or criminal blame, and is distinct from the in-use regulator's enforcement functions. — Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Licensed NUiC Operator
Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE) United Kingdom Entity The authorised self-driving entity is the person identified in an authorisation as responsible for the way an authorised automated vehicle behaves when an authorised automation feature is engaged. The framework protects a user-in-charge from offences arising from the manner of driving while the feature is engaged, subject to statutory exceptions, and instead subjects the ASDE to information duties, civil sanctions, and variation, suspension, or withdrawal of authorisation.
  • Automated Vehicles Act 2024, c. 10, §§ 1, 6, 8–9, 26–27, 34–37, 47–48 (UK) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted; full authorisation regime not yet commenced) — UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024
  • Law Commissions of England and Wales and Scotland, Automated Vehicles: Joint Report (Jan. 2022) (official / technical material) — UK automated-vehicle regulations
  • CCAV/DfT, Automated Vehicles Act implementation and APS permitting materials (2025–26) (official / technical material)
 Automated Driving Provider (ADP)
Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
SAO Implementer
STRA Operator
Use Subject 		Authorised Automated Vehicle Incident Inspector
Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder
Licensed NUiC Operator
User-in-Charge (UiC)
Authorized Entity UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human or Entity A person or entity authorised to receive data from an ADS vehicle's Data Storage System for Automated Driving (DSSAD). The applicable national framework determines who is authorised and the conditions for access.
  • UN GTR on ADS ¶¶ 4.3.5, 5.1.8.5.4; Annex 6 ¶¶ 3.2, 4.1–4.2 n.2, 4.5.2, 4.6.1, 5.3.2 n.5 (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139) (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN text; identity left to national law)
  • Parallel UN ADS Regulation (adopted June 2026; ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137; final number pending official publication) (UN Regulation under the 1958 Agreement; binding on Contracting Parties applying it)
 — Manufacturer
Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant Canada Human or Entity A person or organisation authorised to operate an automated commercial motor vehicle in Ontario's pilot program. The pilot has its own eligibility, operating, reporting, driver or remote-oversight, and insurance requirements.
  • O. Reg. 161/25 (Pilot Project — Automated Commercial Motor Vehicles), Ontario (binding primary authority; status: Temporary pilot, 2025–2035) — Ontario ACMV pilot regulation
  • Ontario MTO, ACMV pilot program conditions and guidance (2025) (official / technical material) — Ontario ACMV pilot conditions
 Autonomous Vehicle Driver [South Korea]
Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver [California]
Driver [France]
Fahrzeugführer [Germany] 		Driver
Remote Assistant
Automated Driving Provider (ADP) UAOVA (US model state law) Human or Entity An automated driving provider is a person that declares to the state that it may be the driver of an associated automated vehicle during automated operation. The declaration is implemented through the registration system: an automated vehicle may be registered only if it is associated with a declared ADP.
  • UAOVA §§ 2, 5–7 (Unif. Law Comm’n 2019) (model legislation; no legal effect in any state unless and until enacted there)
  • UAOVA prefatory note and legislative notes (official / technical material)
  • Smith, Drafting Memoranda for the UAOVA (SSRN abstract 3747058, 2019) (secondary / analytical source)
 Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
Operator (ADS Attribution) [Florida]
Operator (ADS Attribution) [Texas]
Operator [Nevada]
SAO Implementer
STRA Operator
Use Subject 		—
Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE) Australia Entity A corporation that would be certified as responsible for the safe operation of an ADS throughout its on-road design life under Australia's proposed in-service law. The proposed role includes responsibility for the dynamic driving task, a general safety duty, data and reporting obligations, and executive-officer due diligence.
  • Road Vehicle Standards Act 2018 (Cth) (current first-supply framework; not an enacted AVSL) (binding primary authority; status: Proposed policy; not enacted as of 23 July 2026) — Australian automated-vehicle policy
  • NTC, The Regulatory Framework for Automated Vehicles in Australia (Feb. 2022) (official / technical material) — Australian ADSE obligations
  • NTC, Automated Driving System Entity Certification; ADSE In-Service Obligations; Regulator Powers and Functions (Apr. 2024) (official / technical material)
  • Department of Infrastructure, AVSL Consultation Paper (22 Apr. 2024) (official / technical material)
  • NTC, Automated Vehicle Safety Reforms: Consultation Report (Dec. 2025) (official / technical material)
 Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Automated Driving Provider (ADP)
SAO Implementer
STRA Operator
Use Subject 		Executive Officer
First-Supply Regulator
Registered Operator
Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder United Kingdom Human or Entity A person or body granted a permit to provide automated passenger services under the United Kingdom's pilot scheme. The permit can modify specified taxi, private-hire, or bus requirements and does not by itself make its holder an ASDE or licensed NUiC operator.
  • Automated Vehicles Act 2024, Part 5, especially §§ 82–89; Automated Vehicles (Permits for Automated Passenger Services) Regulations 2026 (SI 2026/439) (binding primary authority; status: Part 5 of the 2024 Act commenced early, in force 15 May 2026, ahead of the wider authorisation regime) — UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024
  • DfT/DVSA, Self-driving vehicle pilot scheme: information for applicants (2026) (official / technical material) — UK automated-vehicle regulations
 Deployment Permit Holder [California]
Driverless Testing Permit Holder [California]
Pilot Proprietor [Hong Kong]
Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present [California]
Trial Permit Holder [Sweden] 		Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Licensed NUiC Operator
Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium) China (national) Entity The vehicle-manufacturer member of a national ICV pilot consortium. It applies jointly with the Use Subject and must establish product safety assurance, safety monitoring, risk and emergency-management, cybersecurity, data-security, and response capabilities for the selected ICV products throughout the pilot stages. Manufacturer [UN ADS]
Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology [California] 		Use Subject
Autonomous Vehicle Driver
Korean: 자율주행자동차 운전자 		South Korea Human (only in-vehicle) The human driver of an autonomous vehicle. When a driver-supervised automated system requests takeover or direct driving is otherwise required, the driver must respond promptly and operate the steering, braking, and other controls; education requirements also apply.
  • 도로교통법 (Road Traffic Act, Republic of Korea), ch. 4-2, arts. 56-2 and 56-3 (inserted 19 Mar. 2024; in force 20 Sept. 2024; art. 56-3 education from 20 Mar. 2025), current consolidated text (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) 도로교통법 시행규칙 art. 38-2 (autonomous-vehicle safety education) — not to be confused with 시행령 art. 38-2 (emergency-vehicle education) (binding primary authority) Korea Road Traffic Authority, 자율주행자동차 안전교육 guidance (official / technical material) — South Korean Road Traffic Act
 Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant [Canada]
Driver [Canada]
Driver [France]
Driver [Switzerland]
Fahrzeugführer [Germany]
Fallback User [UN ADS]
Fallback-Ready User (FRU) [SAE J3016]
User-in-Charge (UiC) [UK] 		—
Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver California Human (only in-vehicle) The human driver designated for a California testing operation when the applicable permit requires a driver. The person must meet the licensing, training, monitoring, and takeover requirements in the DMV regulations and the permit holder’s program. Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant [Canada]
Backup Operator (Hong Kong)
Driver [Canada]
Safety Driver [Singapore]
Safety Operator
Safety Operator [China (national)]
Safety Operator [China (Shenzhen)]
Safety Operator [Singapore] 		Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present
Backup Operator
Chinese: 後備操作員 		Hong Kong Human A person who may be required or named by a condition of a Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle pilot licence or AV certificate and who meets the qualifications specified in that condition. The regulatory records distinguish whether the AV system was overridden by a backup operator.
  • Road Traffic (Autonomous Vehicles) Regulation (Cap. 374AA), including ss. 2, 4(1), 13, 19(1), (2), (6), 20(3)(b), 34 (Hong Kong); in operation since 1 Mar. 2024 (binding primary authority; status: Statutory/permit-condition role) Transport Dept. pilot licence conditions PL24001(5) (remote backup operators, 1:1) and TD announcement of 23 July 2026 (driverless testing, Airport Island) (official / technical material) — Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle trial framework
  • Transport Department, Code of Practice for Trial and Pilot Use of Autonomous Vehicles (official / technical material) — Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle legislation
 Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver [California]
Safety Driver [Singapore]
Safety Operator
Safety Operator [China (national)]
Safety Operator [China (Shenzhen)]
Safety Operator [Singapore] 		Pilot Proprietor
Commercial Authorization Holder Texas Human or Entity The person authorized by the Texas Department of Motor Vehicles to operate automated motor vehicles without a human driver for commercial transport of property or passengers. The 2025 law directs the Board to prescribe applications, statements, vehicle information, safety and contact materials, and enforcement by rule; compliance timing depends on the implementing rules.
  • Tex. Transp. Code s. 545.456, added by S.B. 2807 (2025) (binding primary authority; implementation-dependent) — Texas Transportation Code
 Deployment Permit Holder [California]
Pilot Proprietor [Hong Kong] 		Operator (ADS Attribution)
Owner
Company Canada Entity A company includes a person manufacturing vehicles or equipment in Canada, a person selling for resale vehicles or equipment obtained directly from such a manufacturer or its agent, and a person importing a vehicle or equipment for sale. ADS-related defect, testing, exemption, and corrective-action duties attach through this existing federal role rather than a dedicated ADS operator licence. Manufacturer [UN ADS]
Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology [California] 		—
Deployment Permit Holder California Entity An eligible manufacturer holding a California permit to deploy autonomous vehicles for public operation rather than merely test them. Deployment duties are distinct from testing duties; the holder must comply with the applicable safety case, reporting, financial-responsibility, operational, first-responder, and permit conditions. Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)
Commercial Authorization Holder [Texas]
Pilot Proprietor [Hong Kong]
Trial Permit Holder [Sweden] 		Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology
Operator
Remote Assistant
Remote Driver
Dispatching Entity SAE J3016 Entity An entity that places one or more ADS-equipped vehicles into driverless service by engaging the ADS. Its dispatch functions may be divided among agents according to the vehicle-use specification; the entity does not itself perform the dynamic driving task.
  • SAE J3016
 — Driverless Operation Dispatcher
Driver Canada Human (only in-vehicle) The human in the driver's seat for the driver-supervised stream of Ontario's Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle pilot. The driver must be properly qualified and prepared to engage and take control as required by the approved testing approach and program conditions. Autonomous Vehicle Driver [South Korea]
Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver [California]
Driver [France]
Fahrzeugführer [Germany] 		Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant
Trial Organization
Driver France Human (only in-vehicle) The human who drives a vehicle capable of delegated driving. While the automated driving system controls the vehicle within its conditions of use, French law relieves the driver of specified responsibility for system-performed manoeuvres, subject to takeover obligations and exceptions for emergency or authority directions. Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant [Canada]
Autonomous Vehicle Driver [South Korea]
Driver [Canada]
Fahrzeugführer [Germany]
UiC [UK] 		—
Driver SAE J3016 Human A user who performs in real time part or all of the dynamic driving task and/or DDT fallback for a particular vehicle. The technical role can be performed in the vehicle or remotely; it is distinct from a dispatcher or remote assistant performing only strategic or advisory functions.
  • SAE J3016
 Driver [UN road traffic conventions]
Fahrzeugführer [Germany]
Remote Human Operator [Florida] 		Fallback-Ready User (FRU)
Driver Switzerland Human (only in-vehicle) A human driver who may activate an approved motorway-pilot system and need not continuously monitor the road or vehicle while it is active. The driver must remain ready to resume control when requested and is distinct from the operator who supervises a driverless vehicle.
  • Swiss Road Traffic Act arts. 25a-25g and Ordinance on Automated Driving (OCAut/VAF) (binding primary authority; in force 1 Mar. 2025) — Swiss automated-driving ordinance
 Autonomous Vehicle Driver [South Korea]
Fahrzeugführer [Germany]
Fallback User [UN ADS]
Fallback-Ready User (FRU) [SAE J3016]
UiC [UK] 		—
Driver UN Road Traffic Conventions (1949/1968) Human A person who drives a motor vehicle or another vehicle and, under the 1968 Convention, a person who guides certain animals on a road. The 1968 Convention treats its driver requirement as satisfied during compliant ADS operation without redefining the ADS itself as a driver. Driver [SAE J3016]
Fahrzeugführer [Germany]
UiC [UK] 		—
Driver US (national) Human (only in-vehicle) Driver means the occupant of a motor vehicle seated immediately behind the steering control system. This occupant-based definition can produce a vacancy in vehicles without conventional controls.
  • 49 C.F.R. § 571.3 (binding primary authority; current federal definition) — US FMVSS driver definition
  • NHTSA, Occupant Protection for Vehicles With Automated Driving Systems, 87 Fed. Reg. 18556 (30 Mar. 2022) (binding final rule retaining a human-occupant definition in the relevant context) — NHTSA ADS occupant-protection final rule
 Human Operator [Texas]
In-Vehicle Driver [SAE J3016] 		Driver [ADS]
Driver US (national) ADS An automated driving system treated as the driver in NHTSA's interpretation of Google's described vehicle design, which had no human driving controls and was controlled exclusively by its Self-Driving System. The interpretation was confined to those facts and did not amend the general FMVSS definition of driver. Operator (ADS Attribution) [Florida]
Operator (ADS Attribution) [Texas] 		Driver [Human]
Driverless Operation Dispatcher SAE J3016 Human A user who dispatches one or more ADS-equipped vehicles in driverless operation. Dispatch is a strategic service function rather than performance of the dynamic driving task, although the same person may also perform other fleet-operation functions.
  • SAE J3016
 Driverless Operation Dispatcher [Utah] ADS Assistant
Dispatching Entity
Remote ADS Assistant
Driverless Operation Dispatcher Utah Human A user who dispatches an ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation. Utah codifies the role and the associated dispatch function, including software-enabled dispatch of multiple vehicles and trips; dispatch remains a strategic function rather than performance of the DDT.
  • Utah Code ss. 41-26-102.1 and 41-26-103 (binding primary authority; effective numbering as of 6 May 2026) — Utah automated-vehicle law
 Driverless Operation Dispatcher [SAE J3016] Remote Driver
Driverless Testing Permit Holder California Entity An eligible entity holding a California permit to test autonomous vehicles without a driver in the vehicle. The permit imposes category-specific financial-responsibility, operational, reporting, remote-communication, law-enforcement, and first-responder requirements. Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)
Pilot Proprietor [Hong Kong]
Trial Permit Holder [Sweden] 		Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology
Operator
Remote Assistant
Remote Driver
Encadrant d'intervention à distance France Human (only remote) Personnel exercising supervisory or managerial responsibility over remote-intervention operations under the French STRA implementing framework. The role is distinct from the opérateur d’intervention à distance who performs the authorized intervention and should be identified separately in staffing, competence, and operating arrangements. — Opérateur d'intervention à distance
STRA Operator
Executive Officer Australia Human An executive officer of an Automated Driving System Entity would have a personal due-diligence duty to ensure that the ADSE complies with its safety duties. The role remains proposed, not enacted. Nominated Individual (UK)
Responsible Person for Permit Compliance [Sweden]
Responsible Person in the Owner Entity (Croatia)
Senior Manager (UK) 		Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
Fahrzeugführer
English: vehicle driver 		Germany Human (only in-vehicle) The Fahrzeugführer is the natural person driving the vehicle. Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant [Canada]
Autonomous Vehicle Driver [South Korea]
Driver [Canada]
Driver [France]
Driver [SAE J3016]
Driver [Switzerland]
Driver [UN road traffic conventions]
In-Vehicle Driver [SAE J3016] 		Halter
Technische Aufsicht
Fallback User UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human (only in-vehicle) An ADS user located inside the vehicle who is designated to perform dynamic-driving-task fallback after an ADS fallback response. The person must be correctly seated, able to take control, and in contact with the steering control before deactivation completes.
  • UN GTR on ADS ¶¶ 2.6.1–2.6.2, 2.14.1, 2.14.3, 2.15, 2.16, 2.20, 4.1.6.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.2.1.6, 4.2.2.2.5, 4.2.2.3.8.1, 4.3.7 (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139) (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN text; final editorial numbering check)
  • Parallel UN ADS Regulation (adopted June 2026; ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137; final number pending official publication) (UN Regulation under the 1958 Agreement; binding on Contracting Parties applying it)
 Autonomous Vehicle Driver [South Korea]
Driver [Switzerland]
Fallback-Ready User (FRU) [SAE J3016]
In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User [SAE J3016]
Remote Fallback-Ready User [SAE J3016]
User-in-Charge (UiC) [UK] 		—
Fallback-Ready User (FRU) SAE J3016 Human A user of a vehicle with an engaged Level 3 ADS feature who is qualified and able to operate the vehicle and remains receptive to ADS alerts and evident failures that require the user to perform fallback.
  • SAE J3016
 Autonomous Vehicle Driver [South Korea]
Driver [Switzerland]
Fallback User [UN ADS]
User-in-Charge (UiC) [UK] 		Driver
Fernlenkende Person
English: remotely driving person 		Germany Human (only remote) A natural person who remotely controls a motor vehicle in Germany's temporary remote-driving framework. While remote control is active, the person is treated as the Fahrzeugführer and must meet licensing, suitability, workplace, communications, and operational requirements.
  • StVFernLV, especially §§ 2–7, 19–20 (Germany) (binding primary authority; status: Temporary German trial framework, 1 Dec. 2025–30 Nov. 2030) — German Remote Driving Ordinance
 Remote Driver [California]
Remote Driver [Netherlands]
Remote Driver [SAE J3016]
Remote Driver [Utah]
Remote Fallback-Ready User [SAE J3016]
Remote Human Operator [Florida] 		Halter
First Responder Generic Human A human emergency responder. While traveling on the road to or from an incident, the responder and any emergency vehicle are road users whose movement and applicable priority rules the ADS must recognize. At a crash or incident scene, the responder may be working in or beside the roadway, directing traffic, assisting people, or managing hazards, and may also qualify as an Other Road User, Traffic Controller, Road-Safety Agent, or Vulnerable Road User.
  • Generic emergency-response role; the UN ADS instruments provide official framework-specific road-user and road-safety-agent comparisons. — UN GTR on ADS
 Road-Safety Agent [UN ADS] Second Responder
Traffic Controller
Vulnerable Road User
First-Supply Regulator Australia Entity The Commonwealth regulator responsible for vehicle and equipment compliance when first supplied to the Australian market. It is distinct from the proposed in-service regulator that would oversee an Automated Driving System Entity after deployment. Approval Authority [UNECE 1958 Agreement]
In-Use Regulator [Generic] 		Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
Fleet Operator Generic Entity A generic term for an entity that deploys and manages a fleet of ADS-equipped vehicles. A framework may instead assign this work to an ADP, ASDE, licensed NUiC operator, Halter, SAO implementer, STRA operator, or use subject.
  • Generic cross-framework organizational role; UAOVA provides an illustrative allocation of fleet-related duties to an Automated Driving Provider.
 Licensed NUiC Operator
Organisateur du service (France)
Transport Service Operator 		Remote Monitor
Second Responder
Halter
English: vehicle keeper 		Germany Human or Entity The Halter is the person or entity that keeps the vehicle for its own account and exercises the relevant power of disposition; the keeper may differ from the legal owner. Owner [Texas]
Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle (Croatia)
Registered Operator (Australia) 		Fahrzeugführer
Fernlenkende Person
Hersteller
Technische Aufsicht
Hersteller
English: manufacturer 		Germany Human or Entity The natural or legal person responsible to the approval authority for type approval and for ensuring conformity of production. Depending on the applicable German or EU instrument, the role may also carry operating-permit, safety, documentation, and market-correction duties. Manufacturer
Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology [California]
System Designer [France] 		Halter
Technische Aufsicht
Human Operator Texas Human (only in-vehicle) A natural person in an automated motor vehicle who controls the entire dynamic driving task. A licensed human operator is not required when the ADS is engaged, but the term remains important for distinguishing conventional human control from driverless commercial operation. Driver [US FMVSS]
In-Vehicle Driver [SAE J3016] 		Operator (ADS Attribution)
In-Use Regulator Generic Entity A generic term for a public authority that monitors and enforces safety obligations after automated vehicles enter service. Different frameworks distribute these functions among one or more authorities rather than using a single office with this name.
  • Automated Vehicles Act 2024, §§ 14–23, 28–40, 60–77 (UK) (binding primary authority; status: Analytical cross-jurisdictional function) — UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024
  • 49 U.S.C. ch. 301 (United States) (binding primary authority) — Australian automated-vehicle policy
  • NTC, Regulator Powers and Functions (Apr. 2024) (official / technical material)
  • NHTSA, AV STEP NPRM (15 Jan. 2025) and withdrawal (26 June 2026) (official / technical material)
 First-Supply Regulator [Australia]
Relevant Authority (UN in-service reporting) 		—
In-Vehicle ADS Assistant SAE J3016 Human (only in-vehicle) A user who provides event-driven information or advice to an ADS while located in the vehicle. The ADS continues to perform the dynamic driving task and fallback; a customer-service attendant responding to an ADS request is one example.
  • SAE J3016
 On-Board Operator
On-Board Operator [Croatia]
On-Board Operator [European Union] 		—
In-Vehicle Driver SAE J3016 Human (only in-vehicle) A driver who manually exercises in-vehicle braking, accelerating, steering, and transmission gear selection input devices in order to operate a vehicle; seated in the driver's seat, the unique seating position making those input devices accessible. "Conventional driver" is an acceptable synonym.
  • SAE J3016
 Driver [US FMVSS]
Fahrzeugführer [Germany]
Human Operator [Texas] 		In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User
In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User SAE J3016 Human (only in-vehicle) A fallback-ready user seated in the driver’s seat of a conventional vehicle while a Level 3 ADS feature is engaged. After an alert to perform the dynamic driving task, the user can become the in-vehicle driver and perform fallback.
  • SAE J3016
 Fallback User [UN ADS]
User-in-Charge (UiC) [UK] 		In-Vehicle Driver
Insurer United Kingdom Entity The insurer is directly liable to an injured person where an accident is caused by a listed vehicle when driving itself on a road or other public place in Great Britain and the vehicle is insured at the time. This is a single-insurer victim-compensation role, not a general definition of insurers in other frameworks. — —
Licensed NUiC Operator United Kingdom Human or Entity The licensed entity with general responsibility for detecting and responding to problems during journeys made by vehicles with no user in charge. It must remain capable, financially sound, and operationally ready to oversee those journeys; it is distinct from the ASDE responsible for how the vehicle drives.
  • Automated Vehicles Act 2024, c. 10, §§ 12–13, 53 (UK) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted; licensing regulations not yet fully commenced) — UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024
  • Law Comm'ns Joint Report, Law Com. No. 404, ch. 7 (Jan. 2022) (official / technical material) — UK automated-vehicle regulations
  • CCAV, APS Permitting Scheme Consultation (2025–26) (official / technical material)
 Fleet Operator
Organisateur du service (France)
Transport Service Operator 		Authorised Automated Vehicle Incident Inspector
Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder
Nominated Individual
Senior Manager
Manufacturer UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human or Entity The manufacturer is the principal technical addressee of the adopted UN ADS instruments. It must establish and document a lifecycle Safety Management System, build and independently review a safety case, validate the ADS through a multi-pillar approach, conduct in-service monitoring and reporting, take remedial action, and supply required information and data.
  • UN ADS GTR paras. 2.31, 5.1-5.4, 6.1 (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139) and parallel UN ADS Regulation (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137) (adopted 24 June 2026; implementation status differs under the 1998 and 1958 Agreements)
  • UN Regulation on ADS
 Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium) [China (national)]
Company [Canada]
Hersteller (manufacturer)
Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology [California]
System Designer [France] 		Assessor / Competent Personnel
Authorized Entity
Relevant Authority
Safety Management System Auditor
Safety-Case Reviewer
Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology California Human or Entity The person that originally manufactures and equips a vehicle with autonomous technology, or modifies a completed vehicle by installing autonomous technology. Eligibility and duties under the DMV permit system depend on the specific testing or deployment pathway. Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium) [China (national)]
Company [Canada]
Hersteller [Germany]
Manufacturer [UN ADS]
System Designer [France] 		Deployment Permit Holder
Driverless Testing Permit Holder
Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present
Nominated Individual United Kingdom Human A named individual whom a regulated body may nominate to maintain oversight of its licensed no-user-in-charge operations and serve as a senior point of accountability. Nomination is permitted but not mandatory, and the role is distinct from the body’s senior manager. Executive Officer [Australia]
Responsible Person for Permit Compliance [Sweden]
Responsible Person in the Owner Entity [Croatia]
Specified Person [Singapore] 		Licensed NUiC Operator
Senior Manager
Occupant UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human (only in-vehicle) An occupant is an ADS user located in the ADS vehicle. This matters because a fallback user must be an occupant; the UN framework therefore does not create a remote fallback user. — —
On-Board Operator
Croatian: operator u vozilu 		Croatia Human (only in-vehicle) A person inside a fully automated vehicle who may activate, reinitialize, or deactivate the ADS; order a minimal-risk maneuver; confirm an ADS-proposed maneuver while stopped; order a safe low-speed maneuver after a minimal-risk stop; change route or stop planning; or assist passengers in defined emergencies. The person does not drive the vehicle while performing these functions, and the ADS continues the dynamic driving task.
  • Croatian Road Safety Act definitions 112 and art. 281.c, as amended by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force from Dec. 2024) — Croatian automated-driving law
 In-Vehicle ADS Assistant
On-Board Operator 		Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle
On-Board Operator European Union Human (only in-vehicle) A person inside a fully automated vehicle who may activate, re-initialise, or deactivate the ADS; request or confirm specified minimal-risk or low-speed manoeuvres; adjust itinerary or stopping points; and assist passengers. The person does not perform the dynamic driving task.
  • Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1426, consolidated 24 Mar. 2026, art. 2 and relevant annexes (binding primary authority; status: EU type-approval role; consolidated 24 Mar. 2026) — EU Regulation 2022/1426
  • Croatian Road Safety Act, as amended by NN 145/2024 (parallel national role) (binding primary authority) — EU Regulation 2022/1426
 In-Vehicle ADS Assistant
On-Board Operator [Croatia] 		Transport Service Operator
On-Site Response Operator
Japanese: 現場措置業務実施者 		Japan Human A person designated to reach an accident or incident scene during specified automated operation and take the measures needed to prevent danger on the road. The role supplies the operation's own physical response when the chief supervisor is monitoring remotely rather than riding in the vehicle.
  • 道路交通法 (Road Traffic Act, Japan) arts. 75-12(1) (permit), 75-19(1), (3), 75-21, as amended by Act No. 32 of 2022 (in force 1 Apr. 2023) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — Japanese Road Traffic Act
  • National Police Agency, 特定自動運行に係る許可制度の創設について (June 2022) (official / technical material) — Japanese Level 4 automated-operation guidance
 Second Responder SAO Chief Supervisor
SAO Implementer
Operator California Human or Entity The person seated in the driver's seat of an autonomous vehicle or, if no person is seated there, the person who causes the autonomous technology to engage. This statutory attribution is distinct from permit-holder, test-driver, remote-driver, and remote-assistant roles. Operator (ADS attribution) [Florida/Texas]
Operator (ADS Attribution) [Texas]
Operator [Nevada]
Person Deemed the Driver [Sweden] 		Deployment Permit Holder
Driverless Testing Permit Holder
Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present
Operator Nevada Human or Entity A person is deemed the operator of an autonomous vehicle in autonomous mode when the person causes it to engage, whether or not the person is physically present. The role is activation-based and should not be treated as equivalent to a remote driver or fleet operator. ADP [UAOVA]
Operator [California]
Person Deemed the Driver [Sweden] 		—
Operator Switzerland Human (only remote) A human who remotely supervises a driverless vehicle and may perform or approve the interventions allowed by Swiss law, including proposed manoeuvres. The role is distinct from remote driving, and the operator need not work from a facility formally designated as a control centre. Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel (Beijing)
Remote Monitor
SAO Chief Supervisor
Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision) 		—
Operator (ADS Attribution) Florida ADS When the ADS is engaged, Florida deems the automated driving system to be the operator for purposes of assessing compliance with traffic and motor-vehicle laws, regardless of whether a person is physically present. This legal attribution is distinct from the natural-person Remote Human Operator. ADP [UAOVA]
Driver [US (national); ADS]
Operator (ADS Attribution) [Texas]
Operator [California]
Person Deemed the Driver [Sweden] 		Remote Human Operator
Operator (ADS Attribution) Texas ADS When engaged, the automated driving system is considered the operator of the automated motor vehicle for assessing compliance with traffic and motor-vehicle laws. The owner remains responsible for that compliance, and commercial driverless operations require the separate authorization framework. ADP [UAOVA]
Driver [US (national); ADS]
Operator (ADS Attribution) [Florida]
Operator [California]
Person Deemed the Driver [Sweden] 		Commercial Authorization Holder
Human Operator
Owner
Opérateur d'intervention à distance France Human (only remote) A person who performs authorized remote-intervention functions within the safety framework of an automated road transport system. The person may issue defined instructions or assistance but does not continuously control the vehicle’s motion and therefore is not a remote driver.
  • Code des transports arts. R. 3151-1 ff.; Arrêté du 2 août 2022 (France) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — French STRA decree
  • STRMTG, Référentiels techniques STRA (official / technical material) — French remote-intervention order
 ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote Assistant / Remote ADS Assistant
Remote Assistant [Canada]
Remote Intervention Operator
Remote Intervention Operator [Croatia]
Remote Intervention Operator [European Union] 		Encadrant d'intervention à distance
STRA Operator
Organisateur du service France Human or Entity The person or public/private body responsible for organizing the automated road transport service under the French STRA framework. The organizer is legally distinct from the system designer and the exploitant, although one entity may hold more than one role. Fleet Operator
Licensed NUiC Operator
Transport Service Operator 		STRA Operator
System Designer
Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA) France Entity An organisme qualifié agréé is an independent accredited body that assesses the operator’s safety-demonstration file under STRMTG oversight. The authorization authority relies on that assessment in authorizing a service.
  • Décret n° 2021-873 du 29 juin 2021; Code des transports arts. R. 3151-1 ff. (France) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted French role; guidance describes methodology) — French OQA guidance
  • DGITM/STRMTG, current GAME safety-demonstration guidance; STRMTG, automated road transport systems materials (official / technical material) — French OQA guidance
  • Comparative analogy to the UN safety-case reviewer (secondary / analytical source) — French OQA guidance
 Assessor / Competent Personnel (UN)
Safety Management System Auditor (UN)
Safety-Case Reviewer
Technical Service [UNECE 1958 Agreement] 		STRA Operator
System Designer
Other Road User UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human A human outside the ADS vehicle whose presence or behaviour is relevant to the driving task and safety response. In the broader usage of the term, it can also refer to animals, vehicles, and other nearby actors and objects; a traffic controller, first responder, driver, cyclist, or pedestrian may simultaneously be an other road user. — —
Owner Texas Human or Entity The owner of the automated driving system bears responsibility for compliance with traffic and motor-vehicle laws when the ADS is engaged, even though the ADS is considered the operator for that limited purpose. Commercial driverless operation is also subject to the authorization framework added in 2025.
  • Tex. Transp. Code ch. 545, subch. J, including ss. 545.451-545.456 (binding primary authority; as amended by S.B. 2807, 2025) — Texas Transportation Code
 Halter [Germany]
Registered Operator [Australia] 		Commercial Authorization Holder
Operator (ADS Attribution)
Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle
Croatian: vlasnik potpuno automatiziranog vozila 		Croatia Entity The legal person that owns a fully automated vehicle used for public transport outside an approved area in Croatia. The owner is responsible for registration, safety settings, markings, qualified personnel, data preservation, video monitoring, access controls, and, subject to exceptions, traffic offences committed by the vehicle.
  • Croatian Road Safety Act arts. 281.a–281.f, as inserted by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force from Dec. 2024) — Croatian automated-driving law
 Halter (vehicle keeper)
Registered Operator (Australia) 		On-Board Operator
Remote Intervention Operator
Responsible Person in the Owner Entity
Passenger SAE J3016 Human (only in-vehicle) A user inside a vehicle who has no role in performing the dynamic driving task. A passenger may be capable of becoming a driver, but remains a passenger while the ADS drives unless the person takes over the dynamic driving task.
  • SAE J3016
 Passenger [UN ADS] —
Passenger UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human (only in-vehicle) A passenger is an ADS user who is neither a driver nor a fallback user.
  • ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139, ¶ 2.14.4 (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Legal and technical senses separated)
  • Automated Vehicles Act 2024 (UK) (binding primary authority) — UN Regulation on ADS
 Passenger [SAE J3016] —
Person Deemed the Driver Sweden Human The person who activates automated driving and is legally treated as the vehicle's driver until automated driving is deactivated. The person may be inside or outside the vehicle and is distinct from the trial permit holder. Operator (ADS Attribution) [Florida/Texas]
Operator (ADS Attribution) [Texas]
Operator [California]
Operator [Nevada] 		Responsible Person for Permit Compliance
Trial Permit Holder
Pilot Proprietor Hong Kong Human or Entity The pilot proprietor is the person or organization issued a pilot licence by the Commissioner for Transport. The licence authorizes a pilot scheme that may cover multiple vehicles; each pilot vehicle also requires an AV certificate.
  • Road Traffic (Autonomous Vehicles) Regulation (Cap. 374AA) (Hong Kong) (binding primary authority; status: Temporary pilot regime) — Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle trial framework
  • Road Traffic Ordinance (Cap. 374) ss. 134–138, as amended by the Road Traffic (Amendment) (Autonomous Vehicles) Ordinance 2023 (binding primary authority) — Hong Kong autonomous-vehicle legislation
  • Transport Department, Code of Practice for Trial and Pilot Use of Autonomous Vehicles (1 Mar. 2024) (binding primary authority)
  • Legislative Council Brief, TLB CR 15/62/82019 (Dec. 2023) (official / technical material)
 Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)
Commercial Authorization Holder [Texas]
Deployment Permit Holder [California]
Driverless Testing Permit Holder [California]
Road-Application Pilot Entity [China (Beijing)]
Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present [California]
Trial Organization [Canada]
Trial Permit Holder [Sweden] 		Backup Operator
Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel
Chinese: 平台安全监控人员 		China (Beijing) Human (only remote) A person who monitors vehicle operations through the safety-monitoring platform used in Beijing road-application pilots. The person issues warnings, responds to hazards and emergencies, and can take over vehicle control when prompted by platform monitoring, the system, or traffic conditions.
  • 《北京市自动驾驶汽车条例》 (Beijing Autonomous Vehicles Regulation), adopted 31 Dec. 2024, eff. 1 Apr. 2025, arts. 27 (pilot qualification; personnel conditions at 27(3)), 37 (staffing and duties), 31 (accident measures and reporting), 26 (safety assessment), 44 (penalty); cf. art. 33 (manual takeover on breakdown — driver or safety officer only) and art. 32 (enterprises and individuals generally). Official texts: Beijing Municipal People’s Congress Standing Committee and Beijing Municipal Government gazette (binding primary authority; status: Enacted municipal role, effective 1 Apr. 2025) 《北京市自动驾驶汽车道路应用试点办法》 (Beijing Measures for Road Application Pilots of Autonomous Vehicles), arts. 13–15 (Oct. 2025) (official / technical material) — Beijing automated-vehicle regulation
  • Chinese automated-driving standards map
 Operator [Switzerland]
Remote Monitor
SAO Chief Supervisor
Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision) 		Road-Application Pilot Entity
Safety Operator
Registered Operator Australia Human or Entity The person in whose name a vehicle is registered under Australian state or territory law. This keeper-style role is distinct from the proposed ADSE.
  • Applicable state and territory vehicle-registration laws (binding primary authority; status: Existing registration concept; proposed duty reassignment) — Australian automated-vehicle policy
  • NTC, Changing Driving Laws to Support Automated Vehicles (2017–18) and later AV reform materials (official / technical material) — Australian Road Vehicle Standards Act
 Halter (vehicle keeper)
Owner [Texas]
Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle (Croatia) 		Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
Relevant Authority UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Entity The public authority or body that receives specified manufacturer notifications and in-service safety reports. The UN text does not identify the institution; national implementation determines which authority performs the role. In-Use Regulator Manufacturer
Remote ADS Assistant SAE J3016 Human (only remote) A user outside the vehicle who provides event-driven information or advice to an ADS while the ADS continues to perform the dynamic driving task and fallback. The same person may also perform separate fleet-operation functions, but ADS assistance excludes dispatch decisions about destination or trip initiation.
  • SAE J3016
 Opérateur d'intervention à distance [France]
Remote Assistant [Canada]
Remote Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote Intervention Operator [Croatia]
Remote Intervention Operator [EU] 		Driverless Operation Dispatcher
Remote Driver
Remote Assistant California Human (only remote) A person outside the vehicle who provides guidance or other remote support while the ADS retains continuous control of the driving function. The final 2026 rules distinguish this role from a Remote Driver and removed the proposed individual-permit requirement for assistants, while retaining manufacturer qualification, training, recordkeeping, and operational duties. ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Opérateur d'intervention à distance [France]
Remote ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote Intervention Operator [Croatia]
Remote Intervention Operator [EU] 		Deployment Permit Holder
Driverless Testing Permit Holder
Remote Driver
Remote Assistant Canada Human The human who oversees an ACMV in the driverless stream from inside the vehicle or from another location in Ontario and is ready to provide the required oversight. First-responder contact information for the remote assistant must be displayed on driverless-stream vehicles, and the approved testing approach controls the detailed arrangement. ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Opérateur d'intervention à distance [France]
Remote ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote Assistant [California/SAE]
Remote Intervention Operator [Croatia]
Remote Intervention Operator [European Union] 		Automated Commercial Motor Vehicle Pilot Participant
Trial Organization
Remote Driver California Human (only remote) A person outside the vehicle who is authorized and trained to perform the dynamic driving task or DDT fallback remotely for an AV operating under the applicable testing or deployment permit. Current regulations require identification, qualifications, training, records, and availability to law enforcement; the role is distinct from a Remote Assistant, who does not perform the DDT or fallback. Fernlenkende Person [Germany]
Remote Driver [SAE J3016]
Remote Driver [SAE/Utah/Netherlands]
Remote Driver [Utah]
Remote Fallback-Ready User [SAE J3016] 		Deployment Permit Holder
Driverless Testing Permit Holder
Remote Assistant
Remote Driver Netherlands Human (only remote) A remote human driver or supervisor authorized under a Dutch automated-vehicle experiment and its permit conditions. Despite the statute’s popular name, the scheme is not about vehicles operating without human supervision: it is built for a person outside the vehicle who can still be classified as the bestuurder, and every duty and responsibility that existing law places on a driver applies equally to a driver who is not in the vehicle.
  • Experimenteerwet zelfrijdende auto’s, amending Wegenverkeerswet 1994 arts. 149aa–149ab; cf. art. 149a and the Besluit ontheffingverlening exceptioneel vervoer (Netherlands) (binding primary authority; status: Permit-based experimental role) — Netherlands road-traffic experiments law
  • Official experiment authorization materials (official / technical material) — Netherlands road-traffic experiments law
 Fernlenkende Person (remotely driving person)
Remote Driver [California]
Remote Driver [SAE J3016]
Remote Driver [Utah]
Remote Fallback-Ready User [SAE J3016]
Remote Human Operator [Florida] 		—
Remote Driver SAE J3016 Human (only remote) A driver who performs part or all of the DDT from outside the vehicle through remote means. The role differs from a Remote Assistant, Driverless Operation Dispatcher, and Remote Fallback-Ready User because it entails actual DDT performance.
  • SAE J3016
 Fernlenkende Person [Germany]
Remote Driver [California/Utah/Netherlands]
Remote Driver [Netherlands]
Remote Driver [Utah] 		Remote ADS Assistant
Remote Fallback-Ready User
Remote Driver Utah Human (only remote) A human driver who operates an automated vehicle remotely under Utah’s Automated Vehicle Act. The role is distinct from a remote assistant who does not perform the dynamic driving task. Fernlenkende Person (remotely driving person)
Remote Driver [California]
Remote Driver [Netherlands]
Remote Driver [SAE J3016]
Remote Fallback-Ready User [SAE J3016]
Remote Human Operator [Florida] 		Driverless Operation Dispatcher
Remote Fallback-Ready User SAE J3016 Human (only remote) A fallback-ready user of a Level 3 ADS-equipped vehicle in driverless operation who is not seated in the driver’s seat. After an alert to perform the dynamic driving task, the user can become a remote driver and perform fallback by remotely operating the vehicle.
  • SAE J3016
 Fallback User [UN ADS]
Fernlenkende Person [Germany]
Remote Driver [California/Utah/Netherlands]
Remote Driver [Netherlands]
Remote Driver [Utah]
User-in-Charge (UiC) [UK] 		Remote Driver
Remote Human Operator Florida Human (only remote) A natural person outside an ADS-equipped vehicle who remotely engages or monitors it. The person may perform part or all of the dynamic driving task or cause a minimal-risk condition; applicable law also imposes location and driver-licensing requirements. Driver [SAE J3016]
Fernlenkende Person (remotely driving person)
Remote Driver [Netherlands]
Remote Driver [Utah] 		Operator (ADS Attribution)
Remote Intervention Operator
Croatian: operator intervencije na daljinu 		Croatia Human (only remote) A person outside the fully automated vehicle who may remotely perform the functions of the Croatian on-board operator when safe. The person does not drive the vehicle, and the ADS continues the dynamic driving task.
  • Croatian Road Safety Act definition 113 and art. 281.c, as amended by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force from Dec. 2024) — Croatian automated-driving law
 Opérateur d'Intervention à Distance
Remote ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote Assistant / Remote ADS Assistant
Remote Assistant [Canada]
Remote Intervention Operator 		Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle
Remote Intervention Operator European Union Human (only remote) A person outside a fully automated vehicle who may remotely perform the limited tasks assigned to an on-board operator when it is safe to do so. The person can request or confirm specified actions but does not drive the vehicle; the ADS continues to perform the dynamic driving task.
  • Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1426, consolidated 24 Mar. 2026 (binding primary authority; status: EU type-approval role; consolidated 24 Mar. 2026) — EU Regulation 2022/1426
  • Croatian Road Safety Act, definition 113 and art. 281.c, as amended by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority) — EU Regulation 2022/1426
 ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Opérateur d'Intervention à Distance
Remote ADS Assistant [SAE J3016]
Remote Assistant / Remote ADS Assistant
Remote Assistant [Canada]
Remote Intervention Operator [Croatia] 		Transport Service Operator
Remote Monitor Generic Human (only remote) A human who observes automated vehicle operations from a distance — typically many vehicles at once via a fleet interface — and escalates or alerts without directly commanding maneuvers or performing the DDT. The most passive of the remote roles: watching rather than advising (remote assistant) or controlling (remote driver).
  • Generic comparative role used to distinguish observation from remote assistance, intervention, and driving. — On Remote Driving
 Operator [Switzerland]
Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel (Beijing)
SAO Chief Supervisor
Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision) 		Fleet Operator
Responsible Person for Permit Compliance Sweden Human A natural person approved by the Swedish Transport Agency within a legal-person trial operator and responsible for ensuring that the activity is conducted in accordance with the permit. Executive Officer [Australia]
Nominated Individual [UK]
Specified Person [Singapore] 		Person Deemed the Driver
Trial Permit Holder
Responsible Person in the Owner Entity Croatia Human A responsible natural person within the legal-person owner of a fully automated vehicle. The 2024 amendments give the responsible person, or a person authorized by that person, access to specified stored vehicle data and video; they also impose personal administrative penalties for violations of the data and video duties.
  • Croatian Road Safety Act arts. 281.e–281.f, as amended by NN 145/2024 (binding primary authority; status: Enacted corporate-accountability role) — Croatian automated-driving law
 Executive Officer
Nominated Individual (UK)
Senior Manager (UK) 		Owner of a Fully Automated Vehicle
Road-Application Pilot Entity
Chinese: 道路应用试点主体 		China (Beijing) Entity The entity approved to conduct a Beijing autonomous-vehicle road-application pilot. It must demonstrate operating and liability-bearing capability, cybersecurity and data-security safeguards, a compliant vehicle safety assessment, qualified personnel, and complete operating, safety-assurance, and emergency-handling plans. Pilot Proprietor [Hong Kong]
Use Subject [China national pilot] 		Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel
Safety Operator
Road-Safety Agent UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human A human who directs traffic, enforces traffic laws, responds to traffic incidents, or performs more than one of those functions. The term therefore covers both traffic-control and emergency-response roles whose instructions an ADS may need to detect and follow.
  • UN GTR on ADS ¶¶ 2.21.1–2.21.2, 4.1.2.5, 4.1.2.11, 4.1.3.3.2; Annex 4 ¶ 3.5.2(f) (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139) (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN category; final editorial numbering check)
  • Parallel UN ADS Regulation (adopted June 2026; ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137; final number pending official publication) (UN Regulation under the 1958 Agreement; binding on Contracting Parties applying it)
 First Responder
Traffic Controller 		—
Safety Driver Singapore Human (only in-vehicle) A human required by a Singapore autonomous-motor-vehicle trial or special-use authorization to monitor the vehicle from inside it and take over operation if necessary. The framework authorizes the Land Transport Authority to impose the role as a condition rather than defining one universal set of duties. Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver [California]
Backup Operator (Hong Kong)
Safety Operator
Safety Operator [China (national)]
Safety Operator [China (Shenzhen)] 		Specified Person
Safety Management System Auditor UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human or Entity The auditor or audit team that examines the manufacturer’s Safety Management System. The UN text requires auditors to have the technical and administrative knowledge necessary for the audit, demonstrated through appropriate qualifications or equivalent training records. Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA) [France] Manufacturer
Safety-Case Reviewer
Safety Operator
Chinese: 安全员 		China (Beijing) Human A human assigned by a Beijing road-application pilot entity to monitor an automated vehicle, address operational hazards and incidents, and perform any required takeover or intervention under the pilot plan and municipal rules. Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver [California]
Backup Operator [Hong Kong]
Safety Driver [Singapore]
Safety Operator [Singapore] 		Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel
Road-Application Pilot Entity
Safety Operator
Chinese: 安全员 		China (national) Human A human assigned under the national ICV access and on-road pilot to monitor vehicle operation, respond to unsafe conditions or incidents, and take over or otherwise intervene as required by the approved pilot arrangement. Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver [California]
Backup Operator [Hong Kong]
Safety Driver [Singapore]
Safety Operator [Singapore] 		Use Subject
Safety Operator
Chinese: 安全员 		China (Shenzhen) Human A human assigned under Shenzhen's local intelligent-and-connected-vehicle regime to monitor testing or demonstration operation and take the safety actions required by the approved local plan and operating conditions. Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver [California]
Backup Operator [Hong Kong]
Safety Driver [Singapore]
Safety Operator [Singapore] 		—
Safety Operator Singapore Human A qualified person who may be required by an authorization to monitor an autonomous motor vehicle and take over its operation if necessary. Unlike the Safety Driver condition, the Rules do not require this role to be seated in the vehicle; the authorization supplies the operational detail. Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver [California]
Backup Operator [Hong Kong]
Safety Operator [China (national)]
Safety Operator [China (Shenzhen)]
Safety Operator [China] 		Specified Person
Safety-Case Reviewer UN Regulation / GTR on ADS Human or Entity The person or team that reviews the manufacturer’s safety case before certification or approval. As part of demonstrating compliance with the safety-assurance requirements, the manufacturer shall review its safety case prior to certification or approval, and is encouraged to do so during development.
  • UN GTR on ADS ¶¶ 5.3.4.1–5.3.4.5, 6.3.1.4(h) (ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/139) (UN GTR under the 1998 Agreement; no direct legal effect pending national transposition; status: Adopted UN text; final editorial numbering check)
  • Parallel UN ADS Regulation (adopted June 2026; ECE/TRANS/WP.29/2026/137; final number pending official publication) (UN Regulation under the 1958 Agreement; binding on Contracting Parties applying it)
 Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA) [France] Manufacturer
Safety Management System Auditor
SAO Chief Supervisor
Japanese: 特定自動運行主任者 		Japan Human A person who supervises specified automated operation remotely or from aboard the vehicle and assumes driver-related safety duties when no driver is present. The supervisor directs incident handling and coordinates the on-site response operator. Operator [Switzerland]
Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel (Beijing)
Remote Monitor
Technische Aufsicht (technical supervision) 		On-Site Response Operator
SAO Implementer
SAO Implementer
Japanese: 特定自動運行実施者 		Japan Human or Entity The specified automated operation implementer (特定自動運行実施者) is the person that obtains a permit from the Prefectural Public Safety Commission to conduct specified automated operation. The implementer submits and follows the operation plan; designates a chief supervisor and, when required, an on-site response operator; educates designated personnel; keeps records; implements accident measures; and maintains required insurance.
  • 道路交通法 (Road Traffic Act, Japan) arts. 75-12 to 75-26, as amended by Act No. 32 of 2022 (in force 1 Apr. 2023) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted / in force) — Japanese Road Traffic Act
  • National Police Agency, 特定自動運行に係る許可制度の創設について (June 2022) (official / technical material) — Japanese Level 4 automated-operation guidance
  • Commentary concerning whether the implementer is functionally analogous to a driver (secondary / analytical source)
 Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Automated Driving Provider (ADP)
Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
STRA Operator
Use Subject 		On-Site Response Operator
SAO Chief Supervisor
Second Responder Generic Human Tow and recovery operators, roadside-assistance personnel, hazmat cleanup crews, and others who arrive after the immediate emergency phase to clear, recover, or repair vehicles and restore the roadway. No examined framework defines their authority over an automated vehicle: who may lawfully direct, move, disable, or tow an ADS-equipped vehicle — and how the vehicle or its remote supervision must respond — is governed today by operator protocols rather than statute.
  • Generic incident-recovery role; German road-traffic law provides an illustrative framework for post-incident operational duties. — German Road Traffic Act
 On-Site Response Operator First Responder
Fleet Operator
Senior Manager United Kingdom Human A senior manager of a regulated body who may be personally liable for an offence committed with the manager's consent or connivance. This is an offence-attribution role, not a general operational office or a nominated individual. Executive Officer [Australia]
Responsible Person in the Owner Entity [Croatia] 		Licensed NUiC Operator
Nominated Individual
Specified Person Singapore Human or Entity The natural person or body corporate nominated in an application as the point of contact for an approved trial or special use. The Specified Person handles prescribed applications, documents, liaison, records, maintenance, incident notification, and other duties under Part 3 of the Rules. Nominated Individual [UK]
Responsible Person [Croatia] 		Safety Driver
Safety Operator
STRA Operator
French: Exploitant 		France Human or Entity A natural or legal person that operates an automated road transport system, either directly or at the service organizer's request, and manages and maintains it. The same entity may also be the service organizer or system designer; when there are multiple operators, Exploitant denotes the lead operator. French freight rules use the same role for automated freight systems. Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Automated Driving Provider (ADP)
Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
SAO Implementer
Use Subject 		Encadrant d'intervention à distance
Opérateur d'intervention à distance
Organisateur du service
Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)
System Designer
System Designer
French: concepteur du système technique 		France Human or Entity The natural or legal person responsible for the design of the technical system used in a STRA. The designer prepares and maintains technical and safety documentation and interfaces with the service organizer, STRA operator, manufacturer, and OQA; one organization may occupy more than one role if the legal responsibilities remain clear. Hersteller [Germany]
Manufacturer [UN ADS]
Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology [California] 		Organisateur du service
Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA)
STRA Operator
Technical Service UNECE 1958 Agreement Entity A body designated under the 1958 Agreement/type-approval system to carry out tests, inspections, or assessments on behalf of an approval authority. In the ADS materials, a residual GTR reference to ‘the approval authority or its designated technical service’ should be read against that type-approval background.
  • UNECE 1958 Agreement concerning the adoption of harmonized UN vehicle regulations and reciprocal recognition of approvals (binding treaty framework for Contracting Parties)
 Assessor / Competent Personnel [UN ADS]
Organisme Qualifié Agréé (OQA) [France] 		Approval Authority
Technische Aufsicht
English: technical supervision 		Germany Human A natural person who supervises an automated vehicle and can approve defined alternative manoeuvres or deactivate the automated function without continuously performing the driving task. German law defines the role by these functions, not by the person's location, so the approved arrangement may be remote or in-vehicle. Operator [Switzerland]
Platform Safety Monitoring Personnel (Beijing)
Remote Monitor
SAO Chief Supervisor 		Fahrzeugführer
Halter
Hersteller
Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present California Entity A manufacturer or other eligible entity holding a California permit to test autonomous vehicles with a qualified test driver present as required by the applicable permit. The holder must satisfy permit-specific testing, driver, financial-responsibility, collision-reporting, and recordkeeping requirements. Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)
Pilot Proprietor [Hong Kong]
Trial Permit Holder [Sweden] 		Autonomous-Vehicle Test Driver
Manufacturer of Autonomous Technology
Operator
Traffic Controller Generic Human Traffic controller is a generic label for a person who lawfully directs traffic or provides external instructions. Depending on the instrument, the person may be treated as a road-safety agent, law-enforcement officer, road worker, or other road user.
  • Generic road-safety actor; the UN ADS instruments provide an official framework-specific comparison. — UN GTR on ADS
 Road-Safety Agent [UN ADS] First Responder
Vulnerable Road User
Transport Service Operator European Union Entity The entity that provides a transport service using one or more fully automated vehicles. It carries the operational duties assigned to the service side of an EU type-approved system, including instructions, restrictions, incident response, and coordination with the manufacturer and on-board or remote personnel.
  • Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2022/1426, consolidated 24 Mar. 2026, art. 2(35), Annex II §§ 11.1, 11.3–11.4, 11.7, Annex III Part 2 § 5.4.1 (binding primary authority; status: EU type-approval role; consolidated 24 Mar. 2026) — EU Regulation 2022/1426
  • Regulation (EU) 2019/2144, art. 11 (binding primary authority) — EU Regulation 2022/1426
 Fleet Operator
Licensed NUiC Operator
Organisateur du service (France) 		On-Board Operator
Remote Intervention Operator
Trial Organization Canada Human or Entity The organization conducting an ADS trial in Canada. Transport Canada's Version 2.0 testing guidelines recommend validation, safety assessment, route and weather controls, trained safety drivers or remote-operation personnel, passenger protections, first-responder engagement, incident practices, and coordination with provincial or territorial authorities. Pilot Proprietor [Hong Kong]
Trial Permit Holder [Sweden] 		Driver
Remote Assistant
Trial Permit Holder
Swedish: tillståndshavare 		Sweden Human or Entity The permit holder is the person authorized to conduct automated-vehicle trials. The permit holder is responsible for safe conduct, allocation of responsibilities, required reporting, and accident notification. Automated Passenger Services (APS) Permit Holder (UK)
Deployment Permit Holder [California]
Driverless Testing Permit Holder [California]
Pilot Proprietor [Hong Kong]
Testing Permit Holder - Driver Present [California]
Trial Organization [Canada] 		Person Deemed the Driver
Responsible Person for Permit Compliance
Use Subject
Chinese: 使用主体 		China (national) Entity The 使用主体 (use subject) is the operating-side member of the consortium used in China's national ICV access and on-road pilot. An automobile manufacturer and a use subject apply jointly with host-city and provincial support. Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Automated Driving Provider (ADP)
Automated Driving System Entity (ADSE)
Road-Application Pilot Entity [China (Beijing)]
SAO Implementer
STRA Operator 		Automobile Manufacturer (Pilot Consortium)
Safety Operator
User-in-Charge (UiC) United Kingdom Human (only in-vehicle) The individual associated with an authorised user-in-charge feature. While that feature drives, the UiC is generally protected from offences arising from the manner of driving but retains other driver-related duties and must be qualified and ready to respond to a transition demand.
  • Automated Vehicles Act 2024, c. 10, §§ 7, 46–50, 53–54 (UK) (binding primary authority; status: Enacted; full authorised-vehicle regime not yet fully commenced) — UK Automated Vehicles Act 2024
  • Law Comm'ns Joint Report, Law Com. No. 404, ch. 8 (Jan. 2022) (official / technical material) — UK automated-vehicle regulations
 Autonomous Vehicle Driver [South Korea]
Driver [France]
Driver [Switzerland]
Driver [UN Road Traffic Conventions (1949/1968)]
Fallback User [UN ADS]
Fallback-Ready User (FRU) [SAE J3016]
In-Vehicle Fallback-Ready User [SAE J3016]
Remote Fallback-Ready User [SAE J3016] 		Authorised Self-Driving Entity (ASDE)
Vulnerable Road User Generic Human A human road user exposed to elevated injury risk because they lack a protective vehicle structure or use a powered two-wheeler. The category includes pedestrians and cyclists and can overlap with operational roles; for example, a human traffic controller working in the roadway can also be a vulnerable road user. — First Responder
Traffic Controller
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