Racial Discrimination in Transportation

Our Seminar on Transportation Law focuses on a different topic every year. In 2020 we are studying the legal aspects of racial discrimination in transportation:

Class 01: Introduction to Transportation Law

1. Syllabus (posted on Blackboard)
2. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896) [1]

Class 02: Interstate Travel

1. Nomination of J. Monroe Johnson to be an Interstate Commerce Commissioner (1949) (through printed page 9) [2]
2. Keys v. Carolina Coach Co., Interstate Commerce Commission, No. MC-C-1564, 64 M.C.C. 769 (1955) [3]
3. NAACP v. St. Louis-San Francisco Railway Co., Interstate Commerce Commission, No. 297 I.C.C. 335 (1955) [4]
4. T. Anthony Bell, The quietly defiant, unlikely fighter: Pfc. Sarah Keys and the fight for justice and humanity (2014) [5]
5. Katie McCabe, Making History in a Segregated Washington: Dovey Johnson Roundtree and Her 45-year Fight for Justice (2011) (printed pages 67 - 97) [6]
6. The Freedom Riders Reunite 50 Years Later, The Oprah Winfrey Show (2011) (41 minutes) [7]
   1. Note: The PBS documentary referenced in this video is The Freedom Riders, PBS American Experience (2011) [8]
7. Regulations Governing Discrimination in Operations of Interstate Motor Common Carriers of Passengers, Interstate Commerce Commission, 26 Federal Register 9166 (September 29, 1961) (PDF page 14) [9]
8. United States v. City of Jackson, 318 F.2d 1 (5th Cir. 1963) [10]
9. The Green Book: Guide to Freedom, Smithsonian Channel (2020) (51 minutes) [11]
   1. Note: You can also view actual green books [12], explore local sites [13], and learn about the search for one of these sites [14]
10. Civil Rights Timeline, Library of Congress (current through 2014) [15]
11. Supreme Court cases
    1. Students with last names A - C: Mitchell v. United States, 313 U.S. 80 (1941) [16]
    2. Students with last names D - L: Morgan v. Virginia, 328 U.S. 373 (1946) [17]
    3. Students with last names M - Re: Henderson v. United States, 339 US. 816 (1950) [18]
    4. Students with last names Rh - Z: Boynton v. Virginia, 364 U.S. 454 (1960) [19]
12. Recommended: Catherine A. Barnes, Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit (1983) [20]

Class 03: Land Use, Housing, Education, and Employment

Relationship to Transportation

1. Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (1974), Introduction (1-21) [21]
2. Jonathan English, Why Did America Give Up on Mass Transit? (Don't Blame Cars.), CityLaw (2018) [22]
3. Robert D. Bullard, Glenn S. Johnson, and Angel O. Torres, Dismantling Transportation Apartheid in the United States Before and After Disasters Strike, ABA Human Rights Magazine (2007) [23]
4. U.S. Congress Joint Economic Committee, Zoned Out: How School and Residential Zoning Limit Education Opportunity (2019) (appendices are optional) [24]
5. Dustin A. Cable, Racial Dot Map [25]

Governmental Discrimination

1. Deed for lot in Wales Garden in Columbia, SC [26]
   1. Note: Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S. 1 (1948) held that the judicial enforcement of restrictive covenants by state courts violates the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment [27]
2. Real estate listings for Columbia, SC [28]
3. "The Color of Law" Details How U.S. Housing Policies Created Segregation, NPR (2017) [29]
   1. Note: The full book is available through our library [30]
4. Mapping Inequality, Redlining in Columbia [31]
   1. Note: You can also view redlined maps of many other communities
5. Joseph A. De Laine, Sr., Things that Happened since Nov. 11, 1949 [32]
6. Staci Leanne Richey, Variations on a Theme: Planning for the Elimination of Black Neighborhoods in Downtown Columbia, South Carolina, 1905-1970 (2004 thesis) (endnotes are optional) [33]
   1. Note: More information on Ward One is available online [34]
7. Edens v. City of Columbia, 228 S.C. 563 (1956) [35]
   1. Note: McNulty v. Owens, 188 S.C. 377 (1938), cited in Edens, held that a "slum clearance" arrangement that would use eminent domain to demolish "unsanitary dwellings" equal to the number of new dwelling units constructed by a housing authority was constitutional as a valid exercise of the police power for a public purpose [36]
8. StuyTown, History of StuyTown [37]
9. Dorsey v. Stuyvesant Town Corp., 299 N.Y. 512 (N.Y. 1949) [38]
10. Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (1974), Rumors and the Report of Rumors (961-83) [39]

Introduction to the Fair Housing Act

1. Black Americans in Congress: The Civil Rights Movement and the Second Reconstruction, 1945-1968 [40]
2. The Fair Housing Act: Discrimination in Housing Based Upon Race or Color, U.S. Department of Justice [41]
3. Josh Gerstein, FBI releases files on Trump apartments' race discrimination probe in '70s, Politico (2017) (with optional links to source documents) [42]
4. Debra Kamin, Black Homeowners Face Discrimination in Appraisals, New York Times (2020) [43]
5. Comment of the Electronic Frontier Foundation Regarding Proposed Rule for HUD's Implementation of the Fair Housing Act's Disparate Impact Standard (2019) [44]

Class 04: Metropolitan Transit

Columbia, SC

1. Prepare questions for Katharine Allen, Historic Columbia's Director of Research, about Columbia's civil rights story
2. Columbia SC 63, Timeline of Civil Rights History [45]
3. South Carolina Code of Laws (1952) §§58-1491-96 [46]
4. Complaint in Flemming v. S.C. Elec. & Gas Co. (July 20, 1954) [47]
5. Motion to Dismiss and Answer in Flemming v. S.C. Elec. & Gas Co. (September 7, 1954) [48]
6. Flemming v. S.C. Elec. & Gas Co., 128 F.Supp. 469 (E.D. S.C.) (February 16, 1955) [49]
7. Flemming v. S.C. Elec. & Gas Co., 224 F.2d 752 (4th Circuit) (July 14, 1955) [50]
8. S.C. Elec. & Gas Co. v. Flemming, 351 U.S. 901 (April 23, 1956) [51]
9. New Trial May Clarify Court Action on Buses, Chicago Defender (May 26, 1956) [52]
10. Transcript of first trial in Flemming v. S.C. Elec. & Gas Co. (June 12, 1956) [53]
11. Flemming v. S.C. Elec. & Gas Co., 239 F.2d 277 (4th Circuit) (November 29, 1956) [54]
12. Jury Dismisses Suit by Brown, Chicago Defender (June 12, 1957) [55]
13. The State, Obituary for Sarah Mae Flemming (1993) [on internal course site] [56]
14. The State, Series on Sarah Mae Flemming (2003) [on internal course site] [57]
15. Columbia City of Women, Sarah Mae Flemming [58]
16. Recommended: Cameron McGowan Currie, Before Rosa Parks: The Case of Sarah Mae Flemming, in W. Lewis Burke and Belina F. Gergel, Matthew J. Perry: The Man, His Times, and His Legacy (2004) [59]

Montgomery, AL

1. Dara Lind, This 50-year-old article shows how the myth of Rosa Parks was made (December 1, 2016) [60]
2. Josh Moon, Bus Boycott took planning, smarts, Montgomery Advertiser (November 29, 2015) [61]
3. Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started It (excerpt) (1987) (pages 1-6) [62]
   1. Note: The full book is Jo Ann Gibson Robinson, The Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Women Who Started it (1987) [63]
4. Montgomery Bus Boycott [64]
5. Randall Kennedy, Martin Luther King's Constitution: A Legal History of the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 98 Yale Law Journal 999 (1989) (Part IV; the rest is recommended) [65]
6. Debbie Elliott, 60 Years After The Boycott, Progress Stalls for Montgomery Buses, NPR (November 12, 2015) [66]
7. Pamela Oliver, Review of The Rebellious Life of Mrs Rosa Parks (February 18, 2018) [67]
   1. Note: The full book is Jeanne Theoharis, The Rebellious Life of Mrs. Rosa Parks (2013) [68]
8. Recommended: Catherine A. Barnes, Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit (1983) [69]
9. Recommended: Transportation Protests: 1841 to 1992 [70]

Transit Planning

1. Partnership for Southern Equity, Opportunity Deferred: Race, Transportation, and the Future of Metropolitan Atlanta (2019) [71]
2. Zak Accuardi, Title VI Is Broken. Here's How Transit Leaders Can Fix It, NextCity (2018) [72]
3. Darensburg v. Metro. Transp. Comm'n, 636 F.3d 511 (9th Cir. 2011) [73]
4. Just Transportation, Living on Earth (1999), https://www.loe.org/shows/segments.html?programID=99-P13-00018&segmentID=1

Class 05: School Travel

Part One

1. Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (1974), 508-14 [74]
2. Quest for Civil Rights: Mr. Billie Fleming [29 minutes] [75]
   1. Recommended: Wade Kolb III, Briggs v. Elliott Revisited: A Study in Grassroots Activism and Trial Advocacy from the Early Civil Rights Era, 19 J.S. Legal Hist. 123 (2011) [76]
   2. Recommended: Darlene Clark Hine, The Briggs v. Elliott Legacy: Black Culture, Consciousness, and Community Before Brown, 1930-1954, 2004 U. Ill. L. Rev. 1059 (2004) [77]
   3. Recommended: University of South Carolina Center for Civil Rights History and Research, Justice for All: Education [78]
3. Briggs v. Elliott, 98 F. Supp. 529 (E.D.S.C. 1951) [79]
4. Briggs v. Elliott, 342 U.S. 350 (1952) [80]
5. Briggs v. Elliott, 103 F. Supp. 920 (E.D.S.C. 1952) [81]
6. Brown v. Bd. of Ed. of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) [82]
7. Brown v. Bd. of Educ. of Topeka, 349 U.S. 294 (1955) [83]
8. Briggs v. Elliott, 132 F. Supp. 776 (E.D.S.C. 1955) [84]
9. Southern Manifesto on Integration (1956) [85]
10. Green v. Cty. Sch. Bd. of New Kent Cty., 391 U.S. 430 (1968) [86]
11. Paul Hyde, Ensuring access or denying it: The history of South Carolina school buses, The Greenville News (2018) [87]

Part Two

1. Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Ed., 402 U.S. 1 (1971) [88]
2. Davis v. Bd. of Ed. of N. Little Rock, Ark., 328 F. Supp. 1197 (E.D. Ark. 1971) [89]
3. Davis v. Bd. of Ed. of N. Little Rock, Ark., Sch. Dist., 449 F.2d 500 (8th Cir. 1971) [90]
4. Bradley v. Milliken, 345 F. Supp. 914 (E.D. Mich. 1972) [91]
5. Milliken v. Bradley, 418 U.S. 717 (1974) [92]
6. Meghan E. Irons, Shelley Murphy, and Jenna Russell, History rolled in on a yellow school bus, Boston Globe (2014) [93]
7. How to tell when your child will be bused...unless, Louisville Courier-Journal (1976), reproduced in Parents Involved in Cmty. Sch. v. Seattle Sch. Dist. No. 1, 551 U.S. 701, 815 (2007) (Breyer, J., dissenting) [94]
8. Emily Yellin with David Firestone, By Court Order, Busing Ends Where It Began, New York Times (1999) [95]
9. Jonathan L. Entin, Parents Involved and the Meaning of Brown: An Old Debate Renewed, 31 Seattle U. L. Rev. 923 (2008) [96]

Part Three

1. Nikole Hannah-Jones, It Was Never About Busing, New York Times (2019) [97]
2. Nicole Gaudiano, Anti-busing law dating from the 1970s eyed for elimination, Politico (2019) [98]
3. Jim Hilbert, School Desegregation 2.0: What Is Required to Finally Integrate America's Public Schools, 16 Nw. J. Hum Rts. 92 (2018) [99]
4. Safe Routes to School, Equity in Safe Routes to School [100]
5. Safe Routes to School, Research: Equity [101]

In Class

1. Spreadsheet with demographic information for public school districts in South Carolina [102]
2. Spreadsheet with demographic information for public and private schools in Richland and Lexington counties [103]
3. Minimally Adequate, Post and Courier (2018) [104]

Acknowledgments

Special thanks to Katherine Allen at Historic Columbia (https://www.historiccolumbia.org) for her expertise, research, and materials